Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Coronal consonants [n t͡ʃʰ z ...] assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [t̻ t t͡ʃ ...] persistently become aspirated [t̻ʰ tʰ t͡ʃʰ ...] after an aspirated stop.
• Non-pharyngeal non-palatal or velar consonants [m t͡ʃʰ s ...] persistently become front [mʲ t͡ɕʰ sʲ ...] before a palatal semivowel.
• Voiceless stops [t̻ʰ tʰʲ t͡ɕʰ ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following obstruent or nasal and become aspirated word-finally.
• Obstruents [b g vʲ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Nasals [m n̻ n ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal. Word-finally, nasals are deleted.
• [p b pʲ bʲ t̻ʰ t̻ʰʲ tʰ tʰʲ kʰ k g t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʃ̺ʰ t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺ t͡ɕ̺ʰ t͡ɕ̺ d͡ʑ̺] become fricatives between a vowel or resonant and a vowel or semivowel. Non-sibilant coronal stops become stops; aspirated stops become unaspirated; [k g] are deleted.
• Labial obstruents or nasals [m b ɸʲ ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• Non-velar short voiced stops or nasals other than [m mʲ], i.e. [ɱ ṉʲ d̻ ...], become taps [m ɾ̃ʲ ɾ̻ ...] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or resonant. Non-coronal stops or nasals become obstruents; palatoalveolar stops or nasals become alveolar; palatoalveolar laminal stops or nasals become apical; bilabial stops become non-bilabial; [ɱ ɱʲ] become [m mʲ].
• Consonants [m t s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Vowels [i ɯ u a] become nasal [ĩ ɯ̃ ũ ã] before a nasal consonant.
• Tense vowels and semivowels [j̥ i ɯ̃ ...] become lax [ɪ̥̯ ɪ ʊ̜̃ ...] before a non-labial tap.
• Short non-nasal voiced consonants [b d͡ʒ̺ ʒ̺ ...] become voiceless [p t͡ʃ̺ ʃ̺ ...] after a voiceless aspirated stop.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ t͡ʃ ɕ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.

Some words

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