Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)(R)(G)V

C: a consonant other than /j/
R: one of /l ɰ w/
G: one of /j ɰ/
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Non-pharyngeal non-dorsal consonants [m p s ...] persistently become front [mʲ pʲ sʲ ...] before a palatal semivowel. [h] become [j̥].
• Consonants [m t χ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; labiodental fricatives become bilabial; [h] are deleted.
• [m̥ m̥ʲ n̥ n̥ʲ ŋ̥ ŋ] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Between a voiced phone and a voiced phone, fricatives become short non-glottal stop voiced stops or nasals; [f fʲ] become [b bʲ].
• [ɨ ɨː] become [i iː] before a palatal semivowel.
• Non-affricate alveolar stops [t d tʲ dʲ] persistently become affricate sibilants [t͡s d͡z t͡sʲ d͡zʲ] before a non-nasal alveolar fricative.
• Consonants [m̥ p fʲ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives other than [χ] become stops or nasals; [f fʲ] become [b bʲ]; uvular obstruents or nasals become palatal or velar; [h] are deleted.
• Non-affricate alveolar stops or nasals [n̥ n̥ʲ d ...] are persistently deleted between an obstruent or nasal and a stop or nasal.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ i ɛ ...] become central [ɰ̥̟ ɨ ɜ ...] before a velar semivowel.
• Velar or uvular obstruents or nasals [ŋ̥ ɴ̥ g ...] become non-back non-dorsal and assimilate in labiality and labiodentality to a following phone other than [h].
• Non-dorsal obstruents or nasals [m̥ n tʲ ...] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a back stop or nasal other than [ɴ̥], [m̥ʲ mʲ ɱ̥ ɱ ɱ̥ʲ ɱʲ n̥ʲ nʲ pʲ bʲ tʲ dʲ t͡sʲ d͡zʲ fʲ sʲ] become [m̥ m m̥ m m̥ m n̥ n p b t d t͡s d͡z f s]. Before a back obstruent or nasal, labiodental obstruents or nasals other than obstruents become non-labiodental. Before an uvular obstruent or nasal, [m̥ʲ mʲ ɱ̥ ɱ ɱ̥ʲ ɱʲ n̥ʲ nʲ pʲ bʲ tʲ dʲ t͡sʲ d͡zʲ fʲ sʲ] become [m̥ m m̥ m m̥ m n̥ n p b t d t͡s d͡z f s].
• Alveolar voiced stops or nasals [n d d͡z ...] become non-nasal approximant laterals [l l l ...] before an alveolar approximant.
• Velar or uvular obstruents or nasals other than [ŋ], i.e. [ŋ̥ ɴ̥ g ...], persistently assimilate in highness or uvularity to a following back obstruent or nasal. Before an uvular obstruent or nasal, [g] are deleted.
• Non-back non-low vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ i ɛ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a preceding consonant.
• Obstruents [p dʲ d͡zʲ ...] assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop, obstruents other than stops become stops; labiodental fricatives become bilabial; [q] are deleted.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ i ɛ ...] become central [ɰ̥̟ ɨ ɜ ...] after a velar semivowel.
• Consonants [m̥ b s ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; [f fʲ] become [b bʲ]; [ɴ̥ q] become [ŋ ]; [h] are deleted.

Some words

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