Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Alveolar | | Laminal retroflex | | Palatoalv. sibilant / palatal | | Velar | | Glottal |
Nasal | | | m | | | | n | | | | ɳ̻ | | | | ɲ | | | | ŋ | | | | | |
Stop | | p | b | ɓ̰ | | t | d | ɗ̰ | | ʈ̻ | ɖ̻ | ɗ̢̻̰ | | | | | | k | g | | | | | |
Fricative | | | | | | s | z | | | ʂ̻ | ʐ̻ | | | ʃ | ʒ | | | x | ɣ | | | h | | |
Long fricative | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | hː | | |
Approximant | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | j | | | | w | | | | | |
Long approximant | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | jː | | | | wː | | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Back |
High | | i | | u |
Mid-high | | e | | o |
Low | | æ | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: one of /m n ɳ̻ ɲ ŋ p t ʈ̻ k g ɓ̰ ɗ̰ ɗ̢̻̰ s ʂ̻ ʃ x h hː j w jː wː/
Allophony
- Non-nasal consonants [p ɓ̰ ʒ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, glottal fricatives are deleted. After a voiceless obstruent, creaky-voiced implosives become non-creaky-voiced non-implosive.
- Non-nasal consonants [p ɗ̰ h ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a semivowel. After a voiceless consonant other than a semivowel, creaky-voiced implosives become non-creaky-voiced non-implosive. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, glottal fricatives are deleted.
- Voiceless stops [p t ʈ̻ k] become aspirated [pʰ tʰ ʈʰ̻ kʰ] before a glottal fricative.
- Non-retroflex coronal obstruents or nasals [n d z ...] become retroflex [ɳ ɖ ʐ ...] after a retroflex obstruent or nasal.
- [ɲ] become [ṉʲ] before a palatoalveolar fricative.
- Velar fricatives [x ɣ] become non-velar non-palatal or velar labiodental [f v] before a coronal obstruent or nasal.
- Coronal obstruents or nasals [n ʈ̻ s ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal obstruent or nasal. Before an apical obstruent or nasal, [ʃ ʒ] become [ʂ̻ ʐ̻]; [ṉʲ] become [ɳ̻].
- Obstruents [pʰ ʈʰ v ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent. After a voiceless obstruent, implosives become non-creaky-voiced non-implosive. After a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
- Non-nasal consonants [pʰ kʰ ʂ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a semivowel. Before a voiceless consonant other than a semivowel, creaky-voiced implosives become non-creaky-voiced non-implosive. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated.
- Back vowels [u o] become central [ʉ ɵ] before a palatal semivowel.
- Central rounded vowels [ʉ ɵ] persistently become front [y ø] before a front consonant.
- Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ jː e ...] become non-front [h ɘ ...] after a retroflex obstruent or nasal. Semivowels become glottal fricatives.
- Coronal obstruents or nasals [n̻ d ɗ̢̰ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following fricative sibilant. Before a retroflex fricative sibilant, [ṉʲ] become [ɳ̻]. Before one of [ʃ ʒ], apical obstruents or nasals become retroflex laminal.
- Velar obstruents or nasals [ŋ k x ...] become uvular [ɴ q χ ...] before a non-front vowel or a velar or uvular semivowel.
- Nasals [m ɳ̻ ṉʲ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- [ṉʲ] persistently become [ɲ] before a palatal nasal.
- Short non-nasal voiced consonants [b ɓ̰ z ...] become voiceless [p p s ...] after a voiceless aspirated consonant. Creaky-voiced implosives become non-creaky-voiced non-implosive.
- Coronal obstruents or nasals [n̻ ʈʰ̻ ɗ̢̰ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a preceding postalveolar obstruent or nasal. After a retroflex obstruent or nasal, [ṉʲ] become [ɳ̻]. After a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal, apical obstruents or nasals become retroflex laminal.
- Central vowels [ɨ ʉ ɵ ...] persistently become back [ɯ u o ...] after an uvular obstruent or nasal.
- Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ i ø ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a consonant, semivowels become glottal fricatives.
- Labial obstruents or nasals [m pʰ ɓ̰ ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
Some words
/ʂ̻æɳ̻kæʈ̻/ | [ʂ̻aŋgaʈ̻] |
/hopi/ | [hopi] |
/kæpo/ | [kapo] |
/kidi/ | [kɨdi] |
/kogeh/ | [qogɘh] |
/poge/ | [poge] |
/kuɳ̻o/ | [quɳ̻o] |
/tæpæ/ | [tapæ] |
/ŋiʈ̻i/ | [ŋɨʈ̻ɨ] |
/ŋige/ | [ŋɨge] |
/dopæ/ | [dopæ] |
/gine/ | [gɨne] |
/woxeh/ | [woxɘh] |
/gædi/ | [gadi] |
/ɗ̰epo/ | [ɗ̰ɘpo] |
/sæ/ | [sæ] |
/gæpu/ | [gapu] |
/ɳ̻eho/ | [ɳ̻ɘho] |
/mæow/ | [mæow] |
/ŋeʈ̻æ/ | [ŋɘʈ̻a] |
/ewo/ | [ɘwo] |
/gæge/ | [gage] |
/ŋeŋon/ | [ŋɘɴon] |
/jæsæ/ | [jasæ] |
/gæte/ | [gate] |
/tuʈ̻i/ | [tuʈ̻ɨ] |
/teŋum/ | [tɘɴum] |
/ʒosæ/ | [ʒosæ] |
/geɳ̻ɣu/ | [gɘɴʁu] |
/epkæto/ | [ɘpkato] |
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