Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Alveolar | | Alveolar sibilant | | Palatalised alveopal. lateral | | Palatalised alveopal. sibilant / palatal | | Velar | | Glottal |
Nasal | | | | m | | | | n | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Stop | | pʰ | p | b | | tʰ | t | d | | t͡sʰ | t͡s | d͡z | | t͡ɬʰ̱ʲ | t͡ɬ̱ʲ | d͡ɮ̱ʲ | | | | | | kʰ | k | g | | | ʔ | |
Fricative | | | f | v | | | | | | | s | z | | | | | | | ɕ | ʑ | | | x | | | | | |
Tap | | | | | | | | ɾ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Approximant | | | | | | | | l | | | | | | | | | | | | ʎ | | | | | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
High | | i | | | | u |
Mid-low | | ɛ | | | | ɔ |
Low | | | | a | | |
Syllable structure
(C)V
C: a consonant
V: a vowel
Allophony
- Voiceless obstruents [pʰ kʰ t͡ɬ̱ʲ ...] persistently become ejective [pʼ kʼ t͡ɬ̱ʼʲ ...] after a glottal stop. Aspirated stops become unaspirated.
- Nasals [m n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Alveolar apical consonants [n d s ...] become palatalised [nʲ dʲ sʲ ...] before a front high vowel.
- Short non-nasal voiced consonants [b d͡zʲ ʑ ...] persistently become voiceless [p t͡sʲ ɕ ...] after a voiceless aspirated stop.
- Alveolar resonants [ɾ̥ ɾ̥ʲ l ...] persistently assimilate in vibrancy to a following apical resonant. Before a tap, approximants become non-lateral.
- Alveolar resonants [ɾ̥ ɹ̥ ɹ̥ʲ ...] assimilate in vibrancy to a following alveolar resonant. Before a tap, approximant laterals become non-lateral.
- Non-ejective unaspirated voiceless stops [p tʲ t͡s ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʰʲ t͡sʰ ...] after an aspirated stop.
- Voiceless obstruents [pʰ k t͡ɬ̱ʼʲ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. Before an ejective consonant, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
- Coronal consonants [n d͡z ɕ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal obstruent or nasal. Before a laminal obstruent or nasal, non-affricate stops become affricate laterals.
- Palatoalveolar taps [ɾ̥̱̺ ɾ̱̺ ɾ̥ʲ̱̺ ɾʲ̱̺] persistently become alveolar [ɾ̥ ɾ ɾ̥ʲ ɾʲ].
- Palatoalveolar resonants [ɾ̥̱̺ ɹ̥̱̺ ɹ̥ʲ̱̺ ...] persistently become non-coronal palatal approximants [ʎ̥ ʎ̥ ʎ̥ ...]. Non-lateral resonants become laterals.
- Consonants [m t͡sʲ ɕʼ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective consonants other than [pʼ tʼ tʼʲ] become non-glottalised; aspirated stops become unaspirated; ejective affricates become resonants; [t͡ɬ̱ʼʲ t͡ɬʼ̱̺ t͡ɬʼʲ̱̺] become [ʎ ʎ ʎ]; [pʼ tʼ tʼʲ] become [ɓ̰ ɗ̰ ɗʲ̰]; [t͡ʃ̺ʼ t͡ɕ̺ʼ] become [ɾ ɾʲ].
- Coronal consonants [n̥ʲ̻ t͡sʼʲ ɕʼ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before a laminal consonant, palatalised taps become non-front.
- Non-pharyngeal non-velar consonants other than laminal taps [m̥ d͡zʲ̻ sʲ ...] persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a consonant, palatal approximants are deleted.
- Stops or nasals other than obstruent sibilants [m̥ pʰʲ t͡ɬ̻ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and a stop or nasal.
- Consonants other than implosives [m̥ t͡sʼ̻ s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated; ejective affricates become non-glottalised resonants; ejective consonants other than stops or [ʔ] become non-glottalised; ejective consonants other than affricates or fricatives or [ʔʲ] become implosives; palatoalveolar ejective affricate laterals become non-coronal palatal; [t͡ʃʼ t͡ɕʼ t͡ʃ̺ʼ t͡ɕ̺ʼ] become [ɾ̻ ɾ̻ ɾ ɾʲ]; [t͡sʼʲ̻] become [ɾ̻]; [t͡ɬ̱ʼ t͡ɬʼ̱̺] become [ʎ ʎ]; [ʔʲ] become [ʎ].
- Unaspirated obstruents [p t͡sʲ̻ t͡ɕ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective affricates become non-glottalised resonants; glottalised obstruents other than stops become non-glottalised; non-affricate ejective stops become implosives; [t͡ʃʼ t͡ɕʼ t͡ʃ̺ʼ t͡ɕ̺ʼ] become [ɾ̻ ɾ̻ ɾ ɾʲ]; palatoalveolar ejective affricate laterals become non-coronal palatal; [t͡sʼʲ̻] become [ɾ̻]; [t͡ɬ̱ʼ t͡ɬʼ̱̺] become [ʎ ʎ]. After a voiceless consonant other than a resonant, implosives become non-implosive.
- Non-glottalised obstruents other than [v vʲ z̻ zʲ̻ z zʲ ʒ ʑ ʒ̺ ʑ̺ ɣ], i.e. [pʰ d͡ɮʲ̻ d͡ʒ ...], become glottalised [pʼ lʲ̻ ɾ̻ ...] before a glottal stop. Aspirated stops become unaspirated; voiced affricates become non-glottalised resonants; non-affricate voiced stops become implosives; palatoalveolar voiced affricate sibilants become alveolar; palatoalveolar voiced affricate laterals become non-coronal palatal; [d͡zʲ̻ d͡ʑ] become [ɾ̻ ɾ̻]; [d͡ɮ̱ d͡ɮ̱̺] become [ʎ ʎ].
- Non-pharyngeal non-front consonants other than laminal taps [m̥ t͡ɬʰ̻ s̻ ...] become front [m̥ʲ t͡ɬʰʲ̻ sʲ̻ ...] after a front consonant.
- Non-glottalised voiceless stops [pʰ t͡ɬʰ̻ t͡ɬʰ̱ ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than a resonant.
Some words
/nɔa/ | [nɔa] |
/it͡su/ | [it͡su] |
/titɛzi/ | [tʲitɛzʲi] |
/t͡sut͡sɔ/ | [t͡sut͡sɔ] |
/ɛdabɛ/ | [ɛdabɛ] |
/zɛʎu/ | [zɛʎu] |
/ɾuvɔ/ | [ɾuvɔ] |
/d͡zɔzaɔ/ | [d͡zɔzaɔ] |
/tʰɔtɛ/ | [tʰɔtɛ] |
/nɛka/ | [nɛka] |
/t͡sʰud͡ɮ̱ʲɛ/ | [t͡sʰud͡ɮ̱ʲɛ] |
/tʰadi/ | [tʰadʲi] |
/sɔbɛ/ | [sɔbɛ] |
/vidi/ | [vidʲi] |
/id͡ɮ̱ʲad͡za/ | [id͡ɮ̱ʲad͡za] |
/bɛpʰa/ | [bɛpʰa] |
/tʰuda/ | [tʰuda] |
/ɾɔnu/ | [ɾɔnu] |
/dɔʔi/ | [dɔʔi] |
/ɾɛd͡zɛ/ | [ɾɛd͡zɛ] |
/vuxuzɔ/ | [vuxuzɔ] |
/nana/ | [nana] |
/zɛni/ | [zɛnʲi] |
/ɛxi/ | [ɛxi] |
/kiɾɛ/ | [kiɾɛ] |
/t͡ɬ̱ʲasigu/ | [t͡ɬ̱ʲasʲigu] |
/nitɔ/ | [nʲitɔ] |
/zud͡zu/ | [zud͡zu] |
/nɔgɛa/ | [nɔgɛa] |
/d͡zagɔ/ | [d͡zagɔ] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 10373442996.