Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(gʲ)V(C₃)(C₄)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₃: one of /m n gʲ v l j ɰ/
C₄: a consonant

Allophony

• Labial obstruents or nasals [m p f ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• Dorsal obstruents [kʲ q x ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following dorsal obstruent. Before an uvular obstruent, palatalised velar obstruents become non-palatalised velar uvular.
• Non-nasal consonants [p q ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
• Coronal consonants [n t͡ʃ ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Non-pharyngeal non-back consonants other than [j̥ j], i.e. [m kʲ s ...], persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a consonant, palatalised velar obstruents become non-palatalised velar back.
• Back vowels and velar semivowels [ɰ̥ ɰ u] become non-back [ɰ̟̥ ɰ̟ ʉ] before a non-retroflexed coronal consonant.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ t͡ɕ ʒ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal consonant other than a non-sibilant coronal stop or nasal. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, approximants become non-lateral non-coronal dorsal; non-affricate stops become affricate sibilants; non-palatalised approximants become palatal.
• Back vowels and velar semivowels [ɰ̥ ɰ u] become central [ɰ̟̥ ɰ̟ ʉ] after a front consonant.
• Central vowels and velar or uvular fronted semivowels [ɰ̟̥ ɰ̟ ʉ a] become back [ɰ̥ ɰ u ɑ] before an uvular obstruent.
• Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [ṉ t͡ʃ t͡ʃ̺ ...] become non-affricate non-coronal palatalised velar [ŋʲ kʲ kʲ ...] before a palatalised velar obstruent.
• [ɰ̟̥ ɰ̟ ʉ] become front before a front consonant.
• Non-nasal consonants [p d͡z ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Non-affricate coronal stops or nasals [n̻ nʲ̱ tʲ̻ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop and a stop or nasal.
• Back vowels and semivowels [ɰ̥ ɰ u ɑ] persistently become central [ɰ̟̥ ɰ̟ ʉ a] before a front consonant.
• High vowels and semivowels [j̥ ɰ̟ i ...] persistently become non-high [e̥̯ ɘ̯ e ...] before a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except a vowel.
• Nasals [m n̻ ṉ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Nasals [m nʲ̻ ṉ̺ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.

Some words

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