Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Alveolar | | Velar |
Nasal | | | | m | | | | n | | | | |
Stop | | pʰ | p | b | | tʰ | t | d | | kʰ | k | g |
Fricative | | | ɸ | β | | | s | z | | | | |
Tap | | | | | | | | ɾ | | | | |
Approximant | | | | | | | | ɹ | | | | w |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
High | | i | y | | | | | | u |
Mid-low | | ɛ | œ | | | | | | ɔ |
Low | | | | | a | | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: a consonant other than /b d/
Allophony
- Consonants other than [w], i.e. [m tʰ ɸ ...], persistently become rounded [ŋʷ tʷʰ xʷ ...] after a rounded semivowel. Bilabial obstruents or nasals become non-bilabial velar.
- Non-pharyngeal velar consonants [ŋʷ g gʷ ...] become palatal [ɲ ɟ ɟ ...] after a front high vowel. Rounded consonants become unrounded.
- Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels other than [a], i.e. [j i ɛ ...], become central [ ɨ ɜ ...] after a non-palatal consonant. [j] are deleted.
- Aspirated stops [pʰ tʷʰ kʰ ...] persistently become unaspirated [p tʷ k ...].
- Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels [w ʉ ɞ ...] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a preceding one of [j w]. After [j], [w] are deleted.
- Consonants [m dʷ z ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal.
- Short non-glottal stop non-prenasalised voiced stops [b dʷ g ...] become fricatives [β zʷ ɣ ...] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or resonant. Alveolar stops become sibilants.
- Unaspirated voiceless stops [p tʷ k ...] become aspirated [pʰ tʷʰ kʰ ...] after an aspirated stop.
- Consonants [m c ʝ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
- Nasals [m n ɲ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Unrounded non-palatal consonants [m t s ...] become rounded [ŋʷ tʷ sʷ ...] after a high rounded vowel or semivowel. Bilabial obstruents or nasals become non-bilabial velar.
- Alveolar resonants [ɾ̥ ɾ̥ʷ ɹ ...] persistently assimilate in vibrancy to a following non-palatal or velar resonant.
- Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ ɯ ʌ ...] become central [ ɨ ɜ ...] after a palatal consonant. Semivowels are deleted.
Some words
/agaɹ/ | [aɣaɹ] |
/zaw/ | [zaw] |
/attas/ | [attas] |
/sasɔ/ | [sasɔ] |
/aniɾ/ | [anɨɾ] |
/dipkɔ/ | [dɨpkɔ] |
/zɛkkaw/ | [zɜkkaw] |
/ɛɔtʰ/ | [ɛɔt] |
/tʰiɸziz/ | [tʰɨɸsɨz] |
/aɛ/ | [aɛ] |
/ɸɔksɛw/ | [ɸɔksɜw] |
/ɾagtœ/ | [ɾagdɞ] |
/zaktɔg/ | [zaktɔg] |
/ɛgɔ/ | [ɛɣɔ] |
/kœdɔ/ | [kɞzɔ] |
/nɔttʰa/ | [nɔttʰa] |
/ɔggɔɾ/ | [ɔggɔɾ] |
/ɔtʰdaɾ/ | [ɔttaɾ] |
/niszukʰ/ | [nɨssukʷ] |
/kɛ/ | [kɜ] |
/ɛn/ | [ɛn] |
/zɔɹɛtʰ/ | [zɔɹɜt] |
/aɾiɾ/ | [aɾɨɾ] |
/zɔβ/ | [zɔβ] |
/ɔtʰsuw/ | [ɔtsuw] |
/ɹuwkʰɔn/ | [ɹuw̥kʷʰɔn] |
/atuk/ | [atukʷ] |
/kʰɛnu/ | [kʰɜnu] |
/wɛɾ/ | [wʌɾ] |
/kakʰɔ/ | [kakʰɔ] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 64819786877.