Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Non-nasal consonants [^ŋg͡^mb pʰ qʼ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated; fricatives other than [ɸ] become resonants; [ʃ] become [ɹ̻]; [ɸ] become [w]; [ʔ] are deleted.
• Velar or uvular stops [^ŋk͡^mp k͡p kʰ ...] become fricatives [ɸ ɸ x ...] after a non-high lax vowel. Glottalised stops become non-glottalised; bilabial voiceless stops become non-back non-dorsal; [^ŋg͡^mb ^ŋg͡^mb̰ g͡b g͡b̰ ɢ͡b ɢ͡b̰ g ɢ] become [w w w w w w ]; [^ŋk͡^mp ^ŋk͡^mpʼ ^ŋk ^ŋkʼ ^ŋg] become [ɸ ɸ x x ]; aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Non-nasal consonants [^ŋk͡^mp q͡p ɢ̰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated; fricatives other than [ɸ] become resonants; [ʃ] become [ɹ̻]; [ɸ] become [w]; [ʔ] are deleted.
• [ɛ ɔ] become [e o] before a high semivowel.
• Rounded vowels [u o ɔ] become non-back unrounded [ɨ ɘ ɜ] before a palatoalveolar obstruent.
• Short non-glottalised unaspirated voiceless stops [^ŋk͡^mp k͡p k ...] become voiced [^ŋg͡^mb g͡b g ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ tʼ̻ t͡ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants.
• Palatoalveolar approximants [ɹ̱̥ ɹ̱] persistently become alveolar [ɹ̥̻ ɹ̻].
• Palatoalveolar approximants [ɹ̱̥ ɹ̱] persistently become non-coronal palatal semivowels [j̥ j].
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-palatal consonants other than uvular consonants [m ^ŋg̰ ⁿd͡z̻ ...] become front [mʲ ^ɲɟ̰ ⁿd͡zʲ̻ ...] before a palatal consonant.
• Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced consonants [m ɟ͡b d͡ʑ ...] become creaky-voiced [m̰ ɟ͡b̰ d͡ʑ̰ ...] before a glottalised consonant.
• Stops [^ɲc͡^mp k͡pʼ q ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After a glottalised consonant other than a resonant, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Non-sibilant coronal coronal nasals [n̻ nʲ̻ ṉ̰ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Stops [^ɲc͡^mp k͡pʼ q ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant and become non-glottalised word-finally. Before a glottalised consonant other than a resonant, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Stops [^ɲc͡^mp k͡pʼ q ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. Before a glottalised consonant other than a resonant, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Unrounded non-front consonants [ŋ͡m k͡pʰ ʔ ...] become rounded [ŋ͡mʷ k͡pʷʰ ʔʷ ...] after a rounded resonant.
• Non-glottalised voiceless stops [^ɲc͡^mp q͡pʷʰ q ...] become ejective [^ɲc͡^mpʼ q͡pʷʼ qʼ ...] before a glottal stop. Aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Dorsal obstruents or nasals [ɲ͡m ^ɲcʼ q͡pʷʼ ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following dorsal obstruent or nasal. Before an uvular obstruent or nasal, palatal obstruents or nasals become uvular.
• [j̥ j j̰ ɨ ɨ̰ ɘ ɘ̰ ɜ ɜ̰ a a̰] persistently assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a consonant, semivowels are deleted. Before a front consonant, low vowels become non-low.
• Aspirated stops [c͡pʰ pʲʰ qʰ ...] become unaspirated [c͡p pʲ q ...].
• Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced consonants [ɲ͡m ⁿd̻ ⁿd͡ʒ ...] persistently become creaky-voiced [ɲ͡m̰ ⁿd̰̻ ⁿd͡ʒ̰ ...] after a creaky-voiced consonant.

Some words

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