Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Laminal alveolar | | Vel. / uvul. | | Glottal |
Nasal | | | | m | | | | n̻ | | | | | | | | |
Stop | | | | b | | t̻ʰ | t̻ | d̻ | | kʰ | k | g | | | | |
Fricative | | | f | | | | s̻ | z̻ | | | χ | ʁ | | h | | |
Approximant | | | | | | | | l̻ | | | | | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Back |
High | | i | | u |
Low | | | | ɑ |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)(C3)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: one of /m n̻ t̻ʰ t̻ kʰ k f h/
C3: one of /n̻ t̻ʰ t̻ s̻ l̻/
Allophony
- [t̻ k] persistently become [t̻ʰ kʰ] after an aspirated consonant.
- Non-labial consonants [n̻ kʰ z̻ ...] become rounded [n̻ʷ kʰʷ z̻ʷ ...] before a non-low rounded vowel.
- Voiceless glottal fricatives [h hʷ] become stops and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
- Labial obstruents or nasals [m pʰ b f] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
- [i] become [ɨ] after a consonant.
- Velar or uvular obstruents [kʰ kʷ χ ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following back obstruent.
- Stops [pʰ t̻ʰʷ kʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
- Rounded consonants [n̻ʷ gʷ xʷ ...] become unrounded [n̻ g x ...] before a consonant.
- [ɨ] become [ɯ] after an uvular obstruent.
- Unaspirated voiceless stops [p t̻ kʷ ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ t̻ʰ kʰʷ ...] before a glottal fricative.
- Non-pharyngeal alveolar consonants [n̻ d̻ z̻ ...] become palatalised [nʲ̻ dʲ̻ zʲ̻ ...] after a front high vowel.
- Consonants [m dʲ̻ s̻ʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant lateral and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated. Before a voiceless consonant or pause, nasals become non-nasal.
- Back vowels [ɯ u ɑ] become central [ɨ ʉ a] before a palatalised consonant.
- Vowels [i ʉ u ...] become nasal [ĩ ʉ̃ ũ ...] after a nasal.
- High vowels [i ɨ̃ ɯ ...] persistently become non-high [e ɘ̃ ɤ ...] before a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except a vowel.
- Non-nasal vowels [i u ɤ ...] persistently become nasal [ĩ ũ ɤ̃ ...] before a nasal vowel.
- Consonants [m tʲ̻ʷ sʲ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal.
- Unrounded non-labial consonants [n̻ k x ...] become rounded [n̻ʷ kʷ xʷ ...] after a rounded consonant.
- Non-glottal stop unaspirated obstruents [p g s̻ʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant lateral.
- Stops or nasals [m t̻ʰ kʰ ...] become non-affricate and assimilate in place of articulation between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
Some words
/s̻ɑt̻ʰil̻ɑ/ | [s̻ɑt̻ʰɨl̻ɑ] |
/d̻ɑs̻ikʰs̻/ | [d̻ɑs̻ɨkʰs̻] |
/d̻ukut̻s̻ɑ/ | [d̻ʷukʷut̻s̻ɑ] |
/fɑkt̻ʰi/ | [fɑkt̻ʰɨ] |
/fubun̻/ | [fubut̻] |
/d̻ufukɑk/ | [d̻ʷufukɑk] |
/z̻ubɑ/ | [z̻ʷubɑ] |
/z̻ɑl̻u/ | [z̻ɑl̻ʷu] |
/kʰɑkʰfɑt̻ʰ/ | [kʰɑkʰfɑt̻ʰ] |
/fut̻ʰɑ/ | [fut̻ʰɑ] |
/ɑkʰin̻/ | [ɑkʰɨt̻] |
/bɑl̻u/ | [bɑl̻ʷu] |
/kʰɑt̻n̻ɑ/ | [kʰɑd̻n̻ɑ̃] |
/d̻un̻un̻l̻uf/ | [d̻ʷun̻ʷũn̻l̻ʷuf] |
/d̻ut̻ʰɑ/ | [d̻ʷut̻ʰɑ] |
/t̻ikʰfukʰ/ | [t̻ɨkʰfukʰ] |
/us̻ɑ/ | [us̻ɑ] |
/χuz̻u/ | [χʷuz̻ʷu] |
/uhu/ | [uhʷu] |
/z̻ɑn̻d̻u/ | [z̻ɑn̻d̻ʷu] |
/l̻ɑt̻ɑfu/ | [l̻ɑt̻ɑfu] |
/bumz̻u/ | [bumz̻ʷu] |
/t̻ɑn̻χɑ/ | [t̻ɑt̻χɑ] |
/kɑd̻ɑ/ | [kɑd̻ɑ] |
/fukʰbukʰkɑkʰ/ | [fugbukʰkʰɑkʰ] |
/t̻ɑkt̻ʰus̻ɑ/ | [t̻ɑkt̻ʰʷus̻ɑ] |
/bɑkʰfut̻/ | [bɑkʰfut̻] |
/l̻ɑz̻u/ | [l̻ɑz̻ʷu] |
/z̻ikt̻ʰu/ | [z̻ɨkt̻ʰʷu] |
/ɑt̻ʰmɑ/ | [ɑd̻mɑ̃] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 7179087720.