Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(C₂)(C₃)(C₄)V(C₅)

C₁: one of /m n ŋ ɴ p s r l w/
C₂: one of /m n ŋ p t k ʔ s r l w/
C₃: an apical consonant other than a stop or /ɬ/; i.e. one of /n s r l/
C₄: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₅: a consonant other than a voiced stop (/b d ɖ̻ g/)

Allophony

• Short non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative voiceless obstruents [p ʈ̻ ɬ ...] become voiced [b ɖ̻ l ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone. Obstruents other than stops become resonants; [ʂ̻] become [r].
• Short non-nasal voiced phones other than non-near-high vowels and uvular consonants [b g ɭ̻ ...] become voiceless [p k ɭ̻̥ ...] between a voiceless consonant or word-initially and a voiceless consonant or word-finally.
• Coronal consonants other than trills [n ʈ̻ ʂ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following fricative.
• Obstruents [p ʈ̻ ɢ ...] become ejective [pʼ ʈ̻ʼ qʼ ...] after a glottal stop. Voiced stops become ejective.
• Consonants other than ejective stops [m ʈ ɬ̢ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become resonants; ejective consonants other than [ʔ] become non-ejective; retroflex fricative sibilants become non-retroflex alveolar; [ʂ̻ ʂ̻ʼ] become [r r]; [ʔ] are deleted. After a voiceless consonant other than a resonant, nasals become non-nasal.
• Nasals [m n ɳ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Nasals [m n ɳ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Consonants other than ejective stops [m ʈ ɬ̢ʼ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become resonants; [ʔ] are deleted; ejective consonants other than [ʔ] become non-ejective; retroflex fricative sibilants become non-retroflex alveolar; [ʂ̻ ʂ̻ʼ] become [r r]. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals become non-nasal.
• Coronal consonants other than [r̥ r], i.e. [n̻ ɖ̻ ɬ̢ʼ ...], assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a preceding coronal consonant. After a retroflex consonant, trills become non-retroflex alveolar; trills become apical.
• [p b t̻ d̻ t d ʈ̻ ɖ̻ ʈ ɖ k g q ɢ s̻ s̻ʼ ɬ ɬʼ s sʼ ʂ̻ ʂ̻ʼ ɬ̢ ɬ̢ʼ ʂ ʂʼ] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop, obstruents other than stops become resonants; ejective fricatives become non-ejective; retroflex fricative sibilants become non-retroflex alveolar; [ʂ̻ ʂ̻ʼ] become [r r].
• Nasals [m n ɳ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
• [ʔ] are deleted between a vowel or resonant and a vowel or resonant.
• Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels [w̥ u o ...] become non-back [w̟̥ ʉ ɵ ...] before a non-retroflex alveolar consonant.
• Velar or uvular stops or nasals [ŋ k q ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following back stop or nasal.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ ʈ ʂ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Vowels [i ʉ̥ ɵ ...] persistently become retroflex [ɨ˞ ʉ̥˞ ɵ˞ ...] before a retroflex consonant. Front vowels become non-front.
• Non-retroflex alveolar consonants other than [r̥ r], i.e. [n̻ d s ...], persistently become retroflex [ɳ̻ ɖ ʂ ...] after a retroflex consonant. Trills become non-retroflex alveolar; trills become apical.
• Obstruents [p ʈ s̻ʼ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After an ejective consonant, voiced stops become ejective.
• Bilabial stops or nasals [m p pʼ b] become non-bilabial and assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following phone other than [ʔ].

Some words

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