Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)(R)V

C: a consonant
R: a resonant other than /r l̻ʷ/; i.e. one of /ɾ ɾʷ ɺ l lʷ j ʎ w ʟ ʟʷ/
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Consonants [n͡m tʰ ɕ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated.
• Nasals [n͡m̥ ŋ͡m̥ n ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Unrounded non-labial palatal or velar consonants [ɲ̥ kʰ j ...] become rounded [ŋ̥ʷ kʷʰ w ...] before a high rounded vowel or semivowel. Palatal consonants become velar.
• Unrounded back vowels [ɑ ɑ̃] become central [a ã] before a palatal semivowel.
• Palatal nasals [ɲ͡m̥ ɲ͡m ɲ̥ ɲ] become alveopalatal [n͡m̱̥ʲ n͡m̱ʲ ṉ̥ʲ ṉʲ] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal.
• Coronal consonants [n͡m̥ d͡b ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal consonant other than a non-affricate stop or nasal. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent sibilant, voiceless resonants become voiced; rounded resonants become non-coronal velar; [ɾ̥ʷ ɾʷ ɺ̥ ɺ] become [w w ʎ ʎ]; non-lateral unrounded taps or trills become non-coronal palatal approximants; unrounded resonant laterals become non-coronal palatal; [tʰ t d] become [t͡ʃ̺ʰ t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺]; bilabial stops become labiodental fricative sibilants; [d͡b] become [ʃ̺͡f]; [t͡pʰ] become [ʃ̺͡f].
• Consonants other than taps or trills or [ɲ͡m̥ ɲ͡m ɲ̥ ɲ ŋ̥ʷ ŋʷ j̥ j w̥ w ʟ̥ʷ ʟʷ], i.e. [n͡m̻̥ʲ n̥̱̺ s͡f̻ ...], assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a front consonant, apical consonants become laminal; non-labial velar stops become coronal palatalised affricates; [g͡b g gʷ] become [ɕ͡f t͡ɕ t͡ɕʷ]; [k͡pʰ k͡p] become [ɕ͡f ɕ͡f].
• Non-pharyngeal non-velar consonants other than taps or trills or non-lateral palatal consonants [n͡m̻̥ ṉʲ z͡v̻ʲ ...] persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a front consonant, apical consonants become laminal.
• Consonants other than taps or trills or [ɲ͡m̥ ɲ͡m ɲ̥ ɲ ŋ̥ʷ ŋʷ j̥ j w̥ w ʟ̥ʷ ʟʷ], i.e. [n͡m̻̥ t͡p̻ t͡ʃ̺ ...], persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant and become non-front word-finally. Before a front consonant, apical consonants become laminal; non-labial velar stops become coronal palatalised affricates; [k͡pʰ k͡p g͡b] become [ɕ͡f ɕ͡f ɕ͡f]; [g gʷ] become [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʷ].
• Alveopalatal stops or nasals other than stops [n͡m̱̥ʲ n͡ɱ̱̥ʲ ṉ̥ʲ ...] persistently become non-coronal palatal nasals [ɲ͡m̥ ɲ͡ɱ̥ ɲ̥ ...] before a palatal nasal.
• Unrounded vowels and semivowels other than [a ã], i.e. [j̥ i ɛ̃ ...], become rounded [w̥ u ɔ̃ ...] before a rounded consonant. Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels become back.
• Non-front coronal consonants other than taps or trills [n͡m̻̥ ṉ̺ s͡f̻ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Obstruents or nasals other than non-labial palatal or velar stops or nasals [n͡m̻̥ n t͡ʃʰ ...] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal and become non-palatal or velar word-finally. Before a front obstruent or nasal, apical obstruents or nasals become laminal. Before a palatal or velar stop or nasal, coronal obstruents or nasals other than [n͡m̻ʲ n͡m̱ʲ n̻ʲ ṉʲ t͡p̻ʲʰ t͡p̻ʲ t̻ʲʰ t̻ʲ t͡s̻ʲʰ t͡s̻ʲ t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʷʰ t͡ɕʷ s͡f̻ʲ ɕ͡f s̻ʲ ɕ] become non-velar non-palatal or velar; voiced obstruents other than [g͡b b bʲ] become voiceless; coronal voiceless obstruents or nasals other than obstruents become voiced; non-sibilant coronal labiodental nasals become bilabial. Before a velar stop or nasal, non-coronal fricatives become non-labial. Before a palatal nasal, non-coronal stops become labiodental-coronal palatalised fricatives; non-coronal fricatives become non-labial coronal palatalised; [g͡b b bʲ] become [ɕ͡f ɕ͡f ɕ͡f]; non-coronal aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Alveolar resonants [r̥ ɺ̥ l̻ʲ ...] assimilate in vibrancy to a following alveolar resonant. Before a tap or trill, laminal approximants become apical; palatalised approximants become non-front. Before an alveolar approximant lateral, non-lateral taps or trills become laterals.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ i ɛ ...] become central [ɰ̟̥ ɨ ɜ ...] before a velar semivowel.
• Back low vowels [ɑ ɑ̃ ɒ ɒ̃] become central [a ã a ã] before a front consonant. Rounded vowels become unrounded.
• Short non-glottal stop non-affricate voiced stops or nasals other than non-sibilant coronal stops [n͡m̻ n͡ɱ̱̺ n ...] become fricatives [ɾ̃ʷ w̃ ɾ̃ ...] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel. Coronal nasals become resonants; labial-coronal nasals become non-labial rounded; palatoalveolar nasals become non-coronal palatal or velar; [n͡m̻ʲ n͡m̱ʲ n͡ɱ̻ʲ n͡ɱ̱ʲ mʲ ɱʲ n̻ʲ] become [ɾ̃ʷ w̃ ɾ̃ʷ w̃ w̃ w̃ ɾ̃]; palatal or velar stops or nasals other than stops become resonants; alveolar laminal nasals become apical; labial-palatoalveolar nasals become velar; labial-palatal or velar stops or nasals other than [g͡b] become non-labial; non-coronal non-palatal or velar stops or nasals other than stops become non-labial velar rounded approximants; [ṉ ṉ̺] become [j̃ j̃]; [g͡b] become [x].
• Consonants [n͡m̻̥ d͡b̻ʲ β ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [hʲ] become [j].
• Consonants [n͡m̻̥ k͡pʰ f ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [hʲ] become [j].
• Before a non-nasal coronal fricative, non-sibilant coronal non-labial stops become non-nasal coronal affricate sibilants; bilabial-alveolar stops become non-nasal labiodental-coronal fricative sibilants; [t͡p̻ʰ t͡p̻ʲʰ t͡pʰ] become [s͡f̻ s͡f̻ʲ s͡f]; [d͡b̻ d͡b̻ʲ d͡b] become [s͡f̻ s͡f̻ʲ s͡f].
• Non-front coronal consonants other than taps or trills [n͡m̻̥ d͡b̻ t͡ʃ̺ʷ ...] assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Non-nasal consonants [t͡p̻ʰ d͡ʒ ʑ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [hʲ] become [j].

Some words

Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 31435075285.