Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Vowels [i e a ...] persistently become nasal [ĩ ẽ ã ...] before a nasal.
• Non-back non-low vowels [i ĩ e ẽ] become central [ɨ ɨ̃ ɘ ɘ̃] after a consonant.
• Non-nasal consonants [^mb t s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiceless obstruent, bilabial stops become labiodental fricatives; prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; [f] become [b].
• Semivowels [w̥ w] persistently become mid-high [o̥̯ o̯] after a lax vowel.
• Non-nasal consonants [^mb k ʋ̥ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; [f] become [b]. After a voiceless obstruent, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised; bilabial stops become labiodental fricatives.
• Nasals [m n] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Non-nasal consonants [^mb g ʋ̥ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; [f] become [b]. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, bilabial stops become labiodental fricatives; prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.

Some words

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