Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• [z] become [r] before an alveolar trill.
• Consonants [m p kʰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than [r]. After a voiced consonant other than [r], aspirated stops become unaspirated. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals are deleted; prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
• Prenasalised stops [^mb ⁿd] become nasals [m n] before an obstruent or nasal.
• Short non-glottal stop non-prenasalised voiced stops [b d ɟ g] become fricatives [β z ʝ ɣ] between a vowel and a vowel. [d] become [z].
• Nasals [m n ŋ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Voiceless obstruents [pʰ t k ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Consonants [m tʰ β ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless consonant other than [r̥] or pause, nasals become non-nasal resonants; prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised. Before a voiced consonant other than [r], aspirated obstruents become unaspirated.
• Obstruents [^mb cʰ sʰ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced consonant other than [r], aspirated obstruents become unaspirated. After a voiceless obstruent, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
• Voiceless obstruents [pʰ cʰ sʰ ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
• Non-pharyngeal non-palatal or velar consonants [m b β ...] persistently become front [mʲ bʲ βʲ ...] before a palatal consonant. Non-bilabial obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal laminal; non-sibilant coronal stops or nasals other than [n] become affricate sibilants.
• [j̥] become [ɪ̥̯] after a lax vowel.
• Consonants [m d sʰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated obstruents become unaspirated. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, [m n ɲ ŋ] become [ j̥ ]; prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised; [ṉʲ] become [j̥]; [mʲ] become [j̥].
• Non-sibilant coronal coronal stops or nasals [n ⁿd t ...] are persistently deleted between an obstruent or nasal and a stop or nasal.
• Near-high semivowels [ɪ̥̯ ɪ̯] persistently become tense [j̥ j] before a high vowel or semivowel.
• Back vowels [ɯ ɯ̃ u ũ] become central [ɨ ɨ̃ ʉ ʉ̃] before a palatal semivowel.

Some words

Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 91661555899.