Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: one of /m n̻ ŋ p t̻ k ʔ t͡s̻ f s̻ h r̻ l̻ j w/

Allophony

• Voiceless stops [p t̻ k t͡s̻] become ejective [pʼ t̻ʼ kʼ t͡s̻ʼ] before a glottal stop.
• Nasals [m n̻ ŋ] become obstruents [b d̻ g] before a non-nasal voiceless fricative.
• Before a palatal semivowel, rounded vowels become unrounded central; [w] are deleted.
• Voiceless stops [p t̻ kʼ ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʰ̻ kʰ ...] before a glottal fricative. Ejective stops become non-ejective.
• High vowels and semivowels [j i ɨː ...] become non-high [e̯ e ɘː ...] before a trill.
• Labial obstruents or nasals [m p b ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j ɨː ɛ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a consonant, semivowels are deleted. Before a front semivowel, low vowels become non-low.
• Mid-high vowels and semivowels [e̯ e ɘː ...] become high [j i ɨː ...] before a nasal.
• Before a rounded semivowel, front semivowels are deleted; low vowels become non-low back rounded.
• Central vowels [ɨ ɘ ɜː ...] become front [i e ɛː ...] before a front semivowel. Low vowels become non-low.
• Unaspirated stops [p b̪ kʼ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. Before an ejective consonant, voiced stops become ejective.
• Semivowels [j w e̯ o̯] persistently become mid-low [ɛ̯ ɔ̯ ɛ̯ ɔ̯] after a lax vowel. High semivowels become mid-low.
• Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [tʰ̻ t̻ t̻ʼ d̻] become affricate sibilants [t͡sʰ̻ t͡s̻ t͡s̻ʼ d͡z̻] before a non-nasal alveolar fricative.
• Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels [w u ɜ ...] become front [ i ɛ ...] after a front semivowel. Rounded vowels become unrounded; semivowels are deleted; low vowels become non-low.
• Unrounded semivowels [j e̯ ɛ̯] are deleted after a rounded vowel or semivowel.
• Consonants other than resonants or [pʼ p̪ʼ t̻ʼ kʼ t͡s̻ʼ], i.e. [m p̪ ʔ ...], assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, [ʔ] are deleted; aspirated consonants become unaspirated; fricatives become stops or nasals.
• Mid-low semivowels [ɛ̯ ɔ̯] become tense [e̯ o̯] after a high vowel or semivowel.
• Vowels and semivowels [j ɨ oː ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following mid semivowel. Before one of [o̯ ɔ̯], non-back semivowels are deleted. Before one of [e̯ ɛ̯], rounded vowels become unrounded; rounded semivowels are deleted; low vowels become non-low.
• Consonants other than resonants or [pʼ p̪ʼ t̻ʼ kʼ t͡s̻ʼ], i.e. [m̥ p k ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [ʔ] are deleted; fricatives become stops or nasals.
• Before a labial obstruent or nasal, front semivowels are deleted; low vowels become non-low back rounded.
• Nasals [m̥ ɱ̥ n̻ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.

Some words

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