Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(C₂)V(C₃)

C₁: a consonant other than a stop (/pʰ p tʰ t kʰ k t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ/) or /ʔ/
C₂: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₃: a consonant other than a laminal obstruent (/t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ ʃ/) or /ɲ/

Allophony

• Consonants [m t ɸ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [ʔ] are deleted.
• Nasals [m̥ n̥ ɲ̥ ...] assimilate in resonancy and nasality to a preceding non-nasal voiced consonant. After one of [r ɾ], bilabial nasals are deleted. After a voiced obstruent, voiced nasals become voiceless.
• Non-bilabial consonants other than semivowels [n̥ kʰ ʃ ...] become rounded [nʷ̥ kʷʰ ʃʷ ...] before a rounded vowel.
• Voiceless stops [pʰ tʷ kʷʰ ...] assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than a resonant.
• Coronal obstruents other than alveolar fricatives [tʰ dʷ t͡ʃʷ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a laminal obstruent, apical stops become alveolar; non-affricate stops become affricates.
• Non-nasal vowels [i u ɔ ...] persistently become nasal [ĩ ũ ɔ̃ ...] before a nasal vowel.
• Non-sibilant coronal alveolar nasals [n̥ n nʷ̥ nʷ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Coronal consonants [n̥̻ t͡sʰ̻ z̻ ...] assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before an apical consonant, palatoalveolar obstruents or nasals become alveolar.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ i ɛ ...] become central [ɰ̥̟ ɨ ɜ ...] before a non-palatal consonant.
• Obstruents [pʰ gʷ d͡zʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Short non-glottal stop voiced stops other than obstruent sibilants [b dʷ gʷ ...] persistently become fricatives [β zʷ ɣʷ ...] between a vowel or resonant and a vowel or resonant. Alveolar stops become sibilants.
• Back low vowels [ɑ ɑ̃] become central [a ã] before a palatal semivowel.
• Palatal obstruents or nasals [ɲ̥ cʰ cʷ ...] become alveopalatal [n̥ʲ̱ t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕʷ ...] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal. Stops become affricates.
• [n̥̻ n̻ nʷ̥̻ nʷ̻ n̥̱ ṉ nʷ̥̱ nʷ̱ n̥ʲ̱ nʲ̱ nʷ̥ʲ̱ nʷʲ̱ tʰ̻ t̻ d̻ tʷʰ̻ tʷ̻ dʷ̻ tʰ t d tʷʰ tʷ dʷ t͡θʰ t͡θ d͡ð t͡θʷʰ t͡θʷ d͡ðʷ t͡sʰ̻ t͡s̻ d͡z̻ t͡sʷʰ̻ t͡sʷ̻ d͡zʷ̻ t͡θ̺ʰ t͡θ̺ d͡ð̺ t͡θ̺ʷʰ t͡θ̺ʷ d͡ð̺ʷ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʷʰ t͡ʃʷ d͡ʒʷ t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ɕʷʰ t͡ɕʷ d͡ʑʷ s̻ z̻ sʷ̻ zʷ̻ ʃ ʒ ʃʷ ʒʷ ʑ ʑʷ r̥̻ r̻ rʷ̥̻ rʷ̻ ɾ̥̻ ɾ̻ ɾʷ̥̻ ɾʷ̻] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a preceding coronal consonant. After a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal, apical stops become alveolar; [tʰ̻ t̻ d̻ tʷʰ̻ tʷ̻ dʷ̻ t͡θʰ t͡θ d͡ð t͡θʷʰ t͡θʷ d͡ðʷ t͡θ̺ʰ t͡θ̺ d͡ð̺ t͡θ̺ʷʰ t͡θ̺ʷ d͡ð̺ʷ] become [t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʷʰ t͡ʃʷ d͡ʒʷ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʷʰ t͡ʃʷ d͡ʒʷ t͡sʰ t͡s d͡z t͡sʷʰ t͡sʷ d͡zʷ]; non-affricate stops become affricates; taps or trills become alveolar apical.
• Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [tʰ̻ d t͡θʷ ...] persistently become sibilants [t͡sʰ̻ d͡z t͡sʷ̻ ...] before a non-nasal coronal fricative. Non-affricate stops become affricates.
• Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [tʰ̻ d t͡θʷ ...] persistently become sibilants [t͡sʰ̻ d͡z t͡sʷ̻ ...] before a non-nasal coronal fricative. Non-affricate stops become affricates.
• Short non-glottal stop unaspirated voiceless consonants [m̥ tʷ ɸ ...] become voiced [m dʷ β ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
• Short non-glottal stop unaspirated voiceless fricatives [ɸ s ʃʷ ...] persistently become voiced [β z ʒʷ ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
• Non-nasal vowels [i u ɔ ...] become nasal [ĩ ũ ɔ̃ ...] after a nasal vowel.
• Consonants other than voiced fricatives [m̥ dʷ d͡zʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; glottal stops become unrounded non-glottal stop palatal or velar; [hʷ] become [ɰ̟].
• Unrounded palatal or velar obstruents or nasals [ɲ̥ cʰ k ...] become rounded [ɲʷ̥ cʷʰ kʷ ...] after a non-low rounded vowel.
• Short voiced phones other than lax vowels [m gʷ ʒʷ ...] become voiceless [m̥ kʷ ʃʷ ...] between a voiceless consonant or word-initially and a voiceless consonant.
• Non-palatal or velar consonants [m̥ t͡θ d͡ʑʷ ...] persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant.
• Unaspirated resonants [r̥̻ r̥ʲ ɾ̥ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Bilabial obstruents or nasals [m̥ pʰ bʲ ...] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a palatal or velar obstruent or nasal, obstruents or nasals become non-palatal or velar; voiced obstruents become voiceless; [m̥ m̥ʲ] are deleted.

Some words

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