Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(C₂)V(C₃)

C₁: a consonant
C₂: a non-nasal voiced consonant; i.e. one of /b l j/
V: a vowel
C₃: a consonant

Allophony

• Nasals [m n ɲ] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• [ʔ] persistently become [h] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel.
• Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [ṉ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ŋʲ kʲʰ kʲ] before a palatal nasal.
• Lax vowels [ɛ ɔ a] become nasal [ɛ̃ ɔ̃ ã] before a nasal.
• Palatal stops or nasals [ɲ ŋʲ kʲʰ kʲ] persistently assimilate in whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following non-affricate palatal stop or nasal.
• Coronal consonants [n t͡sʰ s ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before an alveolar consonant, laminal obstruents or nasals become alveolar.
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-palatal consonants [m tʰ t͡ʃ ...] become front [mʲ tʰʲ t͡ɕ ...] before a non-low front vowel or a front semivowel. Taps become non-coronal semivowels; [h] become [j̥]; [ʔ] become [j].
• Unaspirated stops [p t̻ʲ t͡s̻ ...] become ejective [pʼ t̻ʲʼ t͡s̻ʼ ...] before a non-nasal glottal stop. Voiced stops become ejective.
• Non-lateral alveolar taps [ɾ̻̥ ɾ̥] become approximants [ɹ̻̥ ɹ̥] before an alveolar approximant.
• [h] become [hˠ] before a voiceless obstruent.
• Back vowels [u ɔ ɔ̃] become unrounded central [ɨ ɜ ɜ̃] before a front consonant.
• [pʰ p b pʰʲ pʲ bʲ tʰ̻ t̻ tʰ̻ʲ t̻ʲ tʰ t tʰʲ tʲ cʰ c kʲʰ kʲ kʰ k ʔ t͡sʰ̻ t͡s̻ t͡sʰ̻ʲ t͡s̻ʲ t͡sʰ t͡s t͡sʰʲ t͡sʲ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕ s̻ s̻ʲ s sʲ ʃ ɕ h hˠ ɾ̻̥ ɾ̥ ɹ̻̥ l̻̥ l̻ l̻̥ʲ l̻ʲ ɹ̥ l̥ l l̥ʲ lʲ j̥ j] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [ʔ] are deleted.
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [p tʲ t͡s̻ʲ ...] become aspirated [pʰ tʰʲ t͡sʰ̻ʲ ...] after an aspirated consonant. Ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Consonants other than [j̥ j], i.e. [m dʲ t͡ɕʰ ...], become rounded [mʷ dʲʷ t͡ɕʰʷ ...] before a non-low rounded vowel.
• Non-front palatoalveolar obstruents or nasals [ṉ t͡ʃʼ d͡ʒʷ ...] persistently become non-retroflexed alveolar [n̻ t͡s̻ʼ d͡z̻ʷ ...] before a non-retroflexed alveolar fricative.
• Coronal laminal consonants [n̻ t͡s̻ʷ s̻ʷ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a preceding coronal consonant. After a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal, resonants become alveolar apical; non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants.
• [hˠ] become [h] after a front high vowel or a high palatal semivowel.
• Non-nasal consonants other than ejective stops [pʰ kʰʷ sʷ ...] assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; glottal stops become voiceless; [hʷˠ] become [w].
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [p tʲ t͡s̻ʲ ...] become aspirated [pʰ tʰʲ t͡sʰ̻ʲ ...] before a glottal fricative. Ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Unaspirated stops [p tʲ t͡s̻ʲ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After an ejective consonant, voiced stops become ejective.

Some words

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