Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Voiceless obstruents [pʰ kʰ t͡ɬ̱ʲ ...] persistently become ejective [pʼ kʼ t͡ɬ̱ʼʲ ...] after a glottal stop. Aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Nasals [m n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Alveolar apical consonants [n d s ...] become palatalised [nʲ dʲ sʲ ...] before a front high vowel.
• Short non-nasal voiced consonants [b d͡zʲ ʑ ...] persistently become voiceless [p t͡sʲ ɕ ...] after a voiceless aspirated stop.
• Alveolar resonants [ɾ̥ ɾ̥ʲ l ...] persistently assimilate in vibrancy to a following apical resonant. Before a tap, approximants become non-lateral.
• Alveolar resonants [ɾ̥ ɹ̥ ɹ̥ʲ ...] assimilate in vibrancy to a following alveolar resonant. Before a tap, approximant laterals become non-lateral.
• Non-ejective unaspirated voiceless stops [p tʲ t͡s ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʰʲ t͡sʰ ...] after an aspirated stop.
• Voiceless obstruents [pʰ k t͡ɬ̱ʼʲ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. Before an ejective consonant, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Coronal consonants [n d͡z ɕ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal obstruent or nasal. Before a laminal obstruent or nasal, non-affricate stops become affricate laterals.
• Palatoalveolar taps [ɾ̥̱̺ ɾ̱̺ ɾ̥ʲ̱̺ ɾʲ̱̺] persistently become alveolar [ɾ̥ ɾ ɾ̥ʲ ɾʲ].
• Palatoalveolar resonants [ɾ̥̱̺ ɹ̥̱̺ ɹ̥ʲ̱̺ ...] persistently become non-coronal palatal approximants [ʎ̥ ʎ̥ ʎ̥ ...]. Non-lateral resonants become laterals.
• Consonants [m t͡sʲ ɕʼ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective consonants other than [pʼ tʼ tʼʲ] become non-glottalised; aspirated stops become unaspirated; ejective affricates become resonants; [t͡ɬ̱ʼʲ t͡ɬʼ̱̺ t͡ɬʼʲ̱̺] become [ʎ ʎ ʎ]; [pʼ tʼ tʼʲ] become [ɓ̰ ɗ̰ ɗʲ̰]; [t͡ʃ̺ʼ t͡ɕ̺ʼ] become [ɾ ɾʲ].
• Coronal consonants [n̥ʲ̻ t͡sʼʲ ɕʼ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before a laminal consonant, palatalised taps become non-front.
• Non-pharyngeal non-velar consonants other than laminal taps [m̥ d͡zʲ̻ sʲ ...] persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a consonant, palatal approximants are deleted.
• Stops or nasals other than obstruent sibilants [m̥ pʰʲ t͡ɬ̻ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and a stop or nasal.
• Consonants other than implosives [m̥ t͡sʼ̻ s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated; ejective affricates become non-glottalised resonants; ejective consonants other than stops or [ʔ] become non-glottalised; ejective consonants other than affricates or fricatives or [ʔʲ] become implosives; palatoalveolar ejective affricate laterals become non-coronal palatal; [t͡ʃʼ t͡ɕʼ t͡ʃ̺ʼ t͡ɕ̺ʼ] become [ɾ̻ ɾ̻ ɾ ɾʲ]; [t͡sʼʲ̻] become [ɾ̻]; [t͡ɬ̱ʼ t͡ɬʼ̱̺] become [ʎ ʎ]; [ʔʲ] become [ʎ].
• Unaspirated obstruents [p t͡sʲ̻ t͡ɕ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective affricates become non-glottalised resonants; glottalised obstruents other than stops become non-glottalised; non-affricate ejective stops become implosives; [t͡ʃʼ t͡ɕʼ t͡ʃ̺ʼ t͡ɕ̺ʼ] become [ɾ̻ ɾ̻ ɾ ɾʲ]; palatoalveolar ejective affricate laterals become non-coronal palatal; [t͡sʼʲ̻] become [ɾ̻]; [t͡ɬ̱ʼ t͡ɬʼ̱̺] become [ʎ ʎ]. After a voiceless consonant other than a resonant, implosives become non-implosive.
• Non-glottalised obstruents other than [v vʲ z̻ zʲ̻ z zʲ ʒ ʑ ʒ̺ ʑ̺ ɣ], i.e. [pʰ d͡ɮʲ̻ d͡ʒ ...], become glottalised [pʼ lʲ̻ ɾ̻ ...] before a glottal stop. Aspirated stops become unaspirated; voiced affricates become non-glottalised resonants; non-affricate voiced stops become implosives; palatoalveolar voiced affricate sibilants become alveolar; palatoalveolar voiced affricate laterals become non-coronal palatal; [d͡zʲ̻ d͡ʑ] become [ɾ̻ ɾ̻]; [d͡ɮ̱ d͡ɮ̱̺] become [ʎ ʎ].
• Non-pharyngeal non-front consonants other than laminal taps [m̥ t͡ɬʰ̻ s̻ ...] become front [m̥ʲ t͡ɬʰʲ̻ sʲ̻ ...] after a front consonant.
• Non-glottalised voiceless stops [pʰ t͡ɬʰ̻ t͡ɬʰ̱ ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than a resonant.

Some words

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