Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)(C₃)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: one of /m n p t k t͡ʃ̺ l j/
C₃: one of /n k g j/

Allophony

• Nasals [m n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Voiceless stops [p t k t͡ʃ̺] persistently become ejective [pʼ tʼ kʼ t͡ʃ̺ʼ] after a non-nasal glottal stop.
• Voiceless stops [p t kʼ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant.
• Coronal consonants [n d s ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following fricative. Before one of [ʃ̺ ʒ̺], non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; [l] become [j].
• [j] persistently become [ɪ̯] before a lax vowel.
• Consonants [m d t͡ʃ̺ʼ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective consonants become non-ejective. Before a voiceless consonant or pause, nasals become non-nasal; [ṉ̺] become [t].
• Near-high semivowels [ɪ̥̯ ɪ̯] become tense [j̥ j] after a high vowel or semivowel.
• Coronal voiced nasals [n ṉ̺] become non-nasal approximant laterals [l j] before an alveolar approximant. [ṉ̺] become [j].
• Obstruents [p k t͡ʃ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiced obstruent, ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Non-ejective voiceless obstruents other than affricates [p t s ...] become aspirated [pʰ tʰ tʰ ...]. Obstruents other than stops become non-sibilant coronal stops; [ʃ̺] become [tʰ].
• Non-ejective voiceless obstruents other than affricates [pʰ tʰ k ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than an approximant. Before an aspirated stop, obstruents other than stops become non-sibilant coronal stops; [ʃ̺] become [tʰ].
• Consonants [m d d͡ʒ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant and become voiceless word-initially. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective consonants become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated. After a voiceless consonant other than an approximant or pause, nasals become non-nasal; [ṉ̺] become [t].
• Unaspirated obstruents [p k t͡ʃ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent. After a voiced obstruent, ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Nasals [m n ṉ̺ ŋ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ ɪ̯ ẽ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a palatal semivowel, lax vowels become non-low.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ ɪ̥̯̈ ɘ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a palatal semivowel, low vowels become non-low.

Some words

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