Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Alveolar | | Alveolar sibilant | | Velar | | Glottal |
Nasal | | | m | | | n | | | | | | | | | |
Stop | | p | b | | t | d | | t͡s | | | k | g | | ʔ | |
Fricative | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | h | |
Approximant | | | β̞ | | | l | | | | | | w | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
High | | i | | | | u |
Mid-high | | e | | | | o |
Mid-low | | ɛ | | | | ɔ |
Low | | | | a | | |
Syllable structure
(C)(R)V
C: a consonant
R: an approximant; i.e. one of /β̞ l w/
V: a vowel
Allophony
- Non-high vowels [e o ɔ ...] become nasal [ẽ õ ɔ̃ ...] before a nasal.
- Front vowels [i e ɛ ...] become central [ɨ ɘ ɜ ...] before a velar semivowel.
- Voiced vowels and semivowels [w ɘ ɜ ...] become creaky-voiced [ ɘ̰ ɜ̰ ...] before a glottal stop. [w] are deleted.
- Non-nasal consonants [p k s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced stop or nasal, [ʔ h] are deleted; [s] become [ɾ].
- Before an alveolar approximant lateral, obstruent sibilants become non-sibilant coronal alveolar obstruent laterals; [t d] become [t͡ɬ d͡ɮ].
- Stops [p d t͡ɬ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally.
- Voiceless stops [p t t͡ɬ ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʰ t͡ɬʰ ...] before a glottal fricative.
- Nasals [m n] assimilate in resonancy and nasality to a preceding unrounded non-nasal consonant.
- Nasals [m n] become non-nasal resonants [β̞ ɾ] after a non-nasal resonant except a semivowel.
- Non-nasal consonants [pʰ g s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; fricatives become resonants; [ʔ] are deleted.
- Nasals [m n] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Unaspirated obstruents [p k t͡s ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent. After a voiced stop, obstruents other than stops become resonants.
- Voiceless stops [pʰ t t͡ɬʰ ...] assimilate in aspiration to a preceding consonant other than a resonant.
- Mid vowels [e o ɜ ...] become high [i u ɪ̈ ...] before a nasal. Nasal vowels become non-nasal.
- Alveolar voiced consonants other than [l], i.e. [n d d͡z ...], become non-nasal approximant laterals [l l l ...] after an alveolar approximant.
- Unaspirated voiceless stops [p t t͡ɬ ...] persistently become ejective [pʼ tʼ t͡ɬʼ ...] after a non-nasal glottalised phone except a vowel.
Some words
/lau/ | [lau] |
/selatwɛ/ | [selatw̥ɛ] |
/diea/ | [diea] |
/wese/ | [wese] |
/β̞let͡sa/ | [β̞let͡sa] |
/uhle/ | [uhl̥e] |
/losi/ | [losi] |
/leβ̞a/ | [leβ̞a] |
/saha/ | [saha] |
/β̞igu/ | [β̞igu] |
/hwopaso/ | [hw̥opaso] |
/uwu/ | [uwu] |
/taβ̞lo/ | [taβ̞lo] |
/β̞adwɛ/ | [β̞adwɛ] |
/hlasɛ/ | [hl̥asɛ] |
/poha/ | [poha] |
/wwahlɔ/ | [wwahl̥ɔ] |
/hesa/ | [hesa] |
/wipla/ | [wipl̥a] |
/mehe/ | [mehe] |
/dɛlei/ | [dɛlei] |
/wɔβ̞o/ | [wɔβ̞o] |
/wagaβ̞ɛ/ | [wagaβ̞ɛ] |
/luti/ | [luti] |
/asa/ | [asa] |
/hile/ | [hile] |
/β̞isi/ | [β̞isi] |
/dlɛli/ | [d͡ɮlɛli] |
/wɔo/ | [wɔo] |
/huβ̞a/ | [huβ̞a] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 93200121891.