Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(R)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
R: an approximant other than /ɰ̤/; i.e. one of /l̻ j ɰ w/
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Obstruents [pʰ tʼ̻ t͡ʃʰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, ejective stops become non-ejective; [s̻ ʃ] become [r̻ r̻]; [f] become [w].
• Between a voiced phone and a voiced phone, [s̻ ʃ] become [r̻ r̻]; [f] become [w].
• [r̻] become [ɾ̻] between a vowel or resonant and a vowel or resonant.
• Non-ejective stops [pʰ t̻ g̤ ...] assimilate in aspiration to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Persistently, before a tap or trill, [l̻] become [r̻]. Before [l̻], taps or trills are deleted.
• Non-ejective unaspirated stops [p t̻ g ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʰ̻ g̤ ...] after an aspirated consonant except a semivowel.
• Non-ejective stops [pʰ t̻ g̤ ...] assimilate in aspiration to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
• Stops other than unaspirated voiced stops [pʰ t̻ kʼ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following obstruent. Before an ejective stop, breathy-voiced stops become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Palatoalveolar obstruents [t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃʼ d͡ʒ ...] persistently become non-retroflexed alveolar [t͡sʰ̻ t͡sʼ̻ d͡z̻ ...] before a non-retroflexed alveolar obstruent or nasal except a non-affricate stop or nasal.
• Coronal consonants [n̤̻ t͡sʰ̻ t͡ʃʼ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; taps or trills become non-coronal palatal semivowels; [l̻] become [j].
• Coronal consonants [n̤̻ d̻ t͡ʃʼ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-affricate stops become affricate sibilants; taps or trills become non-coronal palatal semivowels; [l̻] become [j].
• Labial obstruents or nasals [m̤ pʰ b̤ ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• Unrounded back vowels and semivowels [ɰ̤ ɰ ɑ ɑː] become rounded [w̤ w ɒ ɒː] after a rounded semivowel.
• Obstruents [pʰ t̻ t͡sʼ̻ ...] become nasals [m̤ n̻ n̻ ...] before a nasal. Voiceless obstruents become voiced; affricates become non-sibilant coronal nasals; ejective stops become non-ejective; obstruents other than stops become nasals; [s̻ ʃ] become [n̻ ṉ]; [f] become [m].
• Nasals [m̤ n̤̻ ɲ̤ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Semivowels [j ɰ̤ w̤ ...] become mid-low [ɛ̯ ʌ̤̯ ɔ̤̯ ...] before a lax vowel.
• Coronal consonants [n̤̻ d̻ t͡ʃʼ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a preceding coronal consonant. After a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal, non-affricate stops become affricate sibilants; taps or trills become non-coronal front semivowels; [l̻] become [j].
• Between a vowel or resonant and a vowel or semivowel, coronal voiced stops become short non-ejective non-nasal voiced resonants; breathy-voiced stops become short non-ejective unaspirated non-prenasalised non-nasal voiced fricatives; labial voiced stops become short non-ejective non-nasal non-labial rounded voiced back semivowels; [g̤ g] become [ɰ ɰ]; [d͡ʒ̤] become [j]; [d͡ʒ] become [r̻].
• Obstruents [pʰ t̻ t͡sʼ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop or nasal, ejective stops become non-ejective; [ɸ f] become [w w]; [s̻ ʃ] become [r̻ r̻].
• Unaspirated voiced vowels and non-glottal fricative voiced consonants [m r̻ ɨː ...] become breathy-voiced [m̤ r̤̻ ɨ̤ː ...] after a breathy-voiced consonant.
• Voiceless stops [pʰ tʰ̻ t͡sʰ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding obstruent. After an ejective stop, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Palatal nasals [ɲ̤ ɲ] become alveopalatal [ṉ̤ʲ ṉʲ] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal.

Some words

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