Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Tense vowels and semivowels [j i e ...] persistently become lax [ɪ̯ ɪ ɛ ...] after a pharyngealised obstruent or nasal.
• Alveolar stops or nasals [n͡m t͡pʰ tʰ ...] are persistently deleted between an obstruent or nasal and a stop or nasal.
• Consonants [n͡m b g ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated. Before a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal.
• Consonants [n͡m bˤ βˤ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals become non-nasal.
• Obstruents [t͡pʰ pˤ s͡ɸ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent. Before a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Obstruents [t͡pʰ pˤ s͡ɸ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent. Before a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ ɪ̯̥ ɪ ...] become non-front [ɰ̥̟ ɪ̯̥̈ ɪ̈ ...] before a low semivowel.
• Tense vowels and semivowels [j̥ w̥ u ...] persistently become lax [ɪ̯̥ ʊ̯̥ ʊ ...] before a pharyngealised obstruent or nasal.
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [t͡p p t ...] become aspirated [t͡pʰ pʰ tʰ ...] after an aspirated stop.
• Non-pharyngealised vowels and non-pharyngeal consonants other than mid-high vowels [n͡m s͡ɸ w ...] become pharyngealised [n͡mˤ s͡ɸˤ o̯ ...] before a pharyngealised obstruent or nasal. Tense vowels become non-pharyngealised; tense semivowels become non-pharyngealised uvular; tense vowels become non-high.
• Central vowels and velar or uvular fronted semivowels [ɰ̥̟ ɪ̯̈ˤ ɪ̈ˤ ...] become back [ɑ̯̥ ɑ̯ˤ ʊˤ ...] before a pharyngealised consonant. High semivowels become low; non-low vowels become rounded; mid-high semivowels become low lax; [ɰ̥̟ ɰ̟] become [ɑ̯̥ ɑ̯].
• [ɑ̯̥ ɑ̯ ɑ̯̥ˤ ɑ̯ˤ u ʊ ʊˤ o ɔ ɔˤ ɑ ɑˤ] persistently become central before a front semivowel. Rounded vowels become unrounded.
• Nasals [n͡m m n ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Unrounded consonants [n͡m d j ...] persistently become rounded [n͡mʷ dʷ w ...] before a rounded semivowel. Non-back semivowels become back; front semivowels become velar or uvular; low fronted semivowels become non-low.
• Non-pharyngealised non-dorsal obstruents or nasals [n͡m pʰ s͡ɸ ...] persistently become front [n͡mʲ pʰʲ s͡ɸʲ ...] before a front semivowel.
• Before a high tense vowel or semivowel, non-bilabial alveolar aspirated stops become alveolar aspirated affricate sibilants; bilabial-alveolar aspirated stops become unaspirated alveolar fricative sibilants.
• Before a high tense semivowel, non-sibilant coronal bilabial stops become non-nasal alveolar fricative sibilants; non-sibilant coronal non-bilabial stops become non-nasal alveolar affricate sibilants; bilabial-alveolar aspirated stops become unaspirated non-nasal alveolar fricative sibilants.
• Voiceless stops [t͡pʰ pʰʷˤ k ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following obstruent or nasal.
• High vowels and semivowels [j̥ ɪ̯̈ i ...] persistently become non-high [e̯̥ ɜ̯ e ...] before a pharyngealised consonant.

Some words

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