Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(R)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
R: one of /l w/
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Approximants [l j w] become voiceless [l̥ j̥ w̥] after a voiceless obstruent.
• Consonants [m qʰ x ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals are deleted.
• [z] become [l] before an alveolar approximant.
• Short non-glottal stop non-prenasalised voiced stops other than [d], i.e. [b g ɢ d͡z], become fricatives [β ɣ ʁ z] between a vowel or an approximant and a vowel or semivowel.
• Consonants [m qʰ x ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals are deleted. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Nasals [m n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Front vowels [i ɛ] become central [ɨ ɜ] before a velar semivowel.
• Aspirated stops [tʰ kʰ qʰ t͡sʰ] persistently become unaspirated [t k q t͡s].
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [p t q ...] become aspirated [pʰ tʰ qʰ ...] after an aspirated stop.
• Non-pharyngeal non-dorsal consonants [m tʰ ɸ ...] persistently become front [mʲ tʰʲ ɸʲ ...] before a palatal semivowel.
• Velar or uvular obstruents or nasals [ŋ g x ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following unrounded back obstruent or nasal.
• Tense vowels and semivowels [j̥ w̥ i ...] persistently become non-high [e̯̥ o̯̥ e ...] before a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except a vowel.

Some words

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