Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(C₂)(C₃)V

C₁: one of /m n̻ p t̻ t̻ʼ k kʼ ʔ t͡s̻ʼ f s̻ l̻ w/
C₂: a consonant
C₃: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Non-ejective non-nasal voiced vowels and non-glottal stop non-nasal voiced consonants other than [l̻ w], i.e. [b d͡z̻ o ...], become creaky-voiced [ɓ̰ n̻ o̰ ...] before a creaky-voiced implosive. Stops other than [d͡z̻] become implosives; [d͡z̻] become [n̻].
• Velar or uvular stops [k g ɢ ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following back consonant other than [w].
• Non-creaky-voiced voiced vowels [i e ɛ ...] become creaky-voiced [ḭ ḛ ɛ̰ ...] before a glottalised phone.
• Short alveolar voiced stops or nasals [n̻ d̻ ɗ̻̰ d͡z̻] become taps [ɾ̻̃ ɾ̻ ɾ̻ ɾ̻] between a vowel or an approximant and a vowel or an approximant. [ɗ̻̰] become [ɾ̻].
• Front vowels [i e ɛ ...] become non-front [ɨ ɘ ɜ ...] before an uvular stop.
• High vowels and semivowels [w ḭ ɨ̰ ...] persistently become non-high [o̯ ḛ ɘ̰ ...] before a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except a vowel.
• Consonants other than implosives [m kʼ d͡z̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced stop or nasal, ejective consonants other than affricates become implosives; fricatives become stops or nasals; [t͡θʼ t͡s̻ʼ] become [n̻ n̻]; [f] become [b]. Before a voiceless consonant, [m n̻] become [p t̻].
• Consonants other than implosives [m q s̻ ...] assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless consonant other than a resonant or pause, [m n̻] become [p t̻]. Before a voiced stop or nasal, ejective consonants other than affricates become implosives; fricatives become stops or nasals; [t͡θʼ t͡s̻ʼ] become [n̻ n̻]; [f] become [b].
• Alveolar obstruents [t̻ ɗ̻̰ t͡s̻ʼ ...] become laterals [l̻̥ l̻ t͡ɬ̻ʼ ...] before an alveolar approximant lateral. Obstruent sibilants become non-sibilant coronal; non-affricate stops become approximants; [t̻ʼ] become [l̻]; [ɗ̻̰] become [l̻].
• Non-creaky-voiced voiced vowels [i e ɛ ...] persistently become creaky-voiced [ḭ ḛ ɛ̰ ...] after a creaky-voiced implosive.
• Nasals [m n̻] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Mid-high semivowels [o̯̥ o̯] become low lax [ɒ̯̥ ɒ̯] after a low vowel.
• Before an alveolar approximant, [ɾ̻̥̃ ɾ̻̃] become [ ɰ̟̃]; [ɾ̻̥ ɾ̻] are deleted.
• Consonants other than implosives [m q s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiceless consonant other than a resonant, nasals become non-nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, ejective consonants other than affricates become implosives; [f θ s̻] become [b d̻ d͡z̻]; ejective affricates become non-glottalised nasals; [t͡ɬ̻ʼ] become [n̻]; [t͡s̻ʼ] become [n̻]; [ɬ̻] become [l̻].
• Central vowels and velar or uvular fronted semivowels [ɰ̟̥̃ ɨ̰ ɜ ...] become back [ɰ̥̃ ɯ̰ ʌ ...] before an uvular consonant.
• Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels [ɰ̟̥̃ ɨ o̰ ...] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a preceding non-alveolar semivowel. After one of [ɰ̟̥̃ ɰ̟̃], rounded vowels become unrounded; rounded semivowels are deleted.
• Unrounded back vowels and semivowels [ɰ̥̃ ɯ̰ ʌ ...] become rounded [w̥̃ ṵ ɔ ...] before a rounded semivowel.
• Mid-low vowels [ɛ ɜ ʌ̰ ...] become low [a a ɑ̰ ...] before an uvular consonant. Front vowels become non-front.
• Unrounded velar or uvular back consonants [ŋ g ɠ̰ ...] become rounded [ŋʷ gʷ ɠʷ̰ ...] before a high rounded vowel or semivowel.
• Alveolar nasal consonants [n̻ ɾ̻̥̃ ɾ̻̃] become non-nasal approximant laterals [l̻ l̻̥ l̻] before an alveolar approximant.
• Stops [p kʷʼ ɠ̰ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After a glottalised consonant, non-glottalised non-affricate voiced stops become implosives; [d͡ɮ̻] become [n̻]; [d͡z̻] become [n̻].

Some words

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