Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Alveolar | | Velar | | Rounded velar | | Uvular | | Rounded uvular | | Glottal |
Stop | | p | b | | t | d | | k | g | | kʷ | gʷ | | q | ɢ | | qʷ | ɢʷ | | | |
Fricative | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | h | |
Resonant | | | | | | r | | | | | | w | | | ʀ | | | ʀʷ | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central |
High | | i | | |
Mid-high | | e | | |
Mid-low | | ɛ | | |
Low | | | | a |
Syllable structure
(C)V
C: a consonant
V: a vowel
Allophony
- Consonants [p g ɢʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced stop, [h] are deleted.
- Velar or uvular stops [k kʷ ɢ ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following back consonant other than a semivowel.
- Short non-nasal voiced phones [b ɢ w ...] become voiceless [p q w̥ ...] before a voiceless glottal fricative.
- Non-glottal stop non-nasal resonants [r̥ ʀ̥ ʀʷ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant.
- Stops [p k q ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding stop.
- High vowels and semivowels [w̥ w i i̥] persistently become non-high [o̯̥ o̯ e e̥] before a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except a vowel.
- Central vowels [a ḁ] become back [ɑ ɑ̥] before an uvular consonant.
- Stops [p k q ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally.
- [h] become stops and assimilate in place of articulation to a following back stop.
- Unrounded non-bilabial consonants [t g h ...] become rounded [tʷ gʷ hʷ ...] after a rounded consonant.
- Bilabial stops [p b] become non-bilabial and assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following phone other than [h hʷ].
- Voiceless stops [p kʰ qʰ ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than a resonant and become unaspirated word-finally.
- High vowels and semivowels [w̥ w i i̥] persistently become non-high [o̯̥ o̯ e e̥] after a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except a non-near-high vowel or an uvular semivowel.
- Consonants [pʰ g r̥ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced stop, aspirated consonants become unaspirated.
Some words
/ɢagipɛ/ | [ɢagipɛ] |
/kaqa/ | [kɑqa] |
/hikapa/ | [hikapa] |
/kɛgea/ | [kɛgea] |
/qapike/ | [qapike] |
/gʷikiki/ | [gʷikiki] |
/paɢipe/ | [pɑɢepe] |
/kega/ | [kega] |
/gagiqa/ | [gageqa] |
/aa/ | [aa] |
/gʷiri/ | [gʷiri] |
/kʷiiqi/ | [kʷieqe] |
/kekɛdi/ | [kekɛdi] |
/eʀiʀʷi/ | [eʀeʀʷe] |
/qiɢɛqʷa/ | [qeɢɛqʷa] |
/kʷakiqʷa/ | [kʷakeqʷa] |
/hiʀa/ | [heʀa] |
/dikɛkʷi/ | [dikɛkʷi] |
/kaʀapa/ | [kɑʀapa] |
/kʷikakʷa/ | [kʷikakʷa] |
/kʷɛkiga/ | [kʷɛkiga] |
/gʷaaɢʷɛpi/ | [gʷaɑɢʷɛpi] |
/kʷatikʷa/ | [kʷatikʷa] |
/ki/ | [ki] |
/qʷaba/ | [qʷaba] |
/ɢigahe/ | [ɢegḁhe] |
/akʷi/ | [akʷi] |
/qiɢaka/ | [qeɢaka] |
/qikipa/ | [qekipa] |
/kaʀɛqɛti/ | [kɑʀɛqɛti] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 27412950475.