Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Non-palatal consonants other than [w], i.e. [m p s ...], become rounded [mʷ pʷ sʷ ...] before a rounded semivowel.
• [ɲ] become [nʲ̱] before a palatoalveolar fricative.
• Consonants [m ŋʷ s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
• Voiced obstruents [b dʷ z ...] become nasals [m nʷ n ...] before a nasal. Obstruents other than stops become non-sibilant coronal nasals.
• Short voiced fricatives [z zʷ ʒ ʒʷ] become approximants [ɹ ɹʷ ʃ ʃʷ] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel. Laminal fricatives become voiceless obstruents.
• Palatoalveolar nasals [ṉ nʷ̱ n̥ʲ̱ nʲ̱] become non-coronal palatal nasals [ɲ ɲ ɲ̥ ɲ] before a palatal nasal. [nʷ̱] become [ɲ].
• Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ ɯ ɤ ...] become non-back [w̟̥ ɨ ɘ ...] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal.
• Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ ɯ ɤ ...] become central [w̟̥ ɨ ɘ ...] before a front consonant.
• Coronal consonants other than stops [n̥ nʲ̱ ʃʷ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal consonant other than a stop or nasal. Before a palatoalveolar fricative, apical consonants become retroflex laminal; approximants become obstruents or nasals; voiced approximants become voiceless.
• Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ ɯ ɤ ...] become central [w̟̥ ɨ ɘ ...] before a palatal semivowel.
• Unrounded vowels other than [a], i.e. [i ɯ ɘ ...], become rounded [y u ɵ ...] before a rounded consonant.
• Consonants [m̥ ŋ̥ zʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Velar stops [k g kʷ gʷ] are deleted after a non-high vowel.
• Non-retroflex coronal consonants other than [n̥ʲ̱ nʲ̱], i.e. [n̥̻ n̥ʷ̱ zʷ ...], persistently become retroflex [ɳ̻̥ ɳ̻̥ʷ ʐʷ ...] after a retroflex obstruent or nasal. Palatalised nasals become palatoalveolar.
• Non-pharyngeal consonants other than [ɲ̥ ɲ j̥ j w̟̥ w̟ w̥ w], i.e. [m̥ ŋ ɬ̢̻ʷ ...], assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a front consonant, rounded consonants become unrounded; retroflex consonants become non-retroflex; retroflex apical consonants other than stops become laminal; retroflex approximants become obstruents or nasals; retroflex voiced approximants become voiceless; retroflex stops become alveolar.
• Coronal consonants other than alveopalatal obstruents or nasals [n̥̻ dʷ ʂ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before an apical consonant, palatoalveolar laminal obstruents or nasals become retroflex laminal.
• Non-sibilant coronal coronal nasals [n̥̻ n̥ʷ ɳ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.

Some words

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