Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(C₂)V(C₃)

C₁: a consonant
C₂: one of /f ɕ xʷ l/
V: a vowel
C₃: a consonant

Allophony

• Stops or nasals other than [t͡ʃ], i.e. [m ṉ t ...], are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and an obstruent.
• Stops [p t k t͡ʃ] become aspirated [pʰ tʰ kʰ t͡ʃʰ] after a glottal fricative.
• Consonants [m tʰ f ...] assimilate in rounding to a following consonant. Before [xʷ], [ɕ] become [ʃʷ].
• After an obstruent, labial obstruents or nasals other than [fʷ] become bilabial rounded obstruents; bilabial stops become labiodental rounded obstruents; [pʰ pʷʰ] become [fʷ fʷ]; [m mʷ] become [fʷ fʷ].
• Coronal consonants [n t t͡ʃʷʰ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded consonants other than [ɰ], i.e. [m t̻ t͡ʃ̺ ...], assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before an alveopalatal fricative, velar obstruents become coronal palatalised; [kʰ k] become [t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕ].
• Unrounded vowels and semivowels [ɰ i ɯ a] become rounded [w y u ɞ] after a rounded consonant. [a] become [ɞ].
• Before a front vowel, [kʰ k x] become [t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕ ɕ].
• Back vowels and velar semivowels other than [w], i.e. [ɰ ɯ u], become central [ɰ̟ ɨ ʉ] after a palatalised consonant.
• Consonants [m tʷ̻ t͡ɕ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [hʷ hʲ] become [w j].
• Voiceless stops [pʰ tʲ̻ t͡ʃʰ ...] assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than an approximant.
• Consonants [m̥ d̻ fʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [hʷ hʲ] become [w j].
• Coronal consonants [n̻̥ tʷ̻ d͡ʒ̺ʷ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal consonant other than a non-affricate stop or nasal. Before an obstruent sibilant, alveolar stops become affricate sibilants; approximant laterals become non-lateral non-coronal palatal or velar; voiceless approximant laterals become voiced; rounded approximants become velar; unrounded non-palatalised approximant laterals become palatal.
• Nasals [m̥ nʲ̻̥ nʷ̱̥ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Vowels [i ɨ u ...] become nasal [ĩ ɨ̃ ũ ...] after a glottal fricative.
• Obstruents [pʰ t͡s̻ d͡ʑ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Short non-affricate coronal voiced stops or nasals [n̻ ṉ d̻ ...] become taps [ɾ̻̃ ɾ̃ ɾ̻ ...] between a vowel or an approximant and a vowel or an approximant. Palatoalveolar nasals become alveolar; palatoalveolar laminal nasals become apical; [nʲ̻ dʲ̻] become [ɾ̻̃ ɾ̻].
• Central vowels and velar or uvular fronted semivowels [ɰ̥̟ ɨ̃ ɞ ...] become front [j̥ ĩ œ ...] after a front consonant. Low vowels become non-low.
• Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels other than [w̥ w], i.e. [ɰ̥̟ ɨ̃ u ...], become front [j̥ ĩ y ...] before a palatal semivowel. Low vowels become non-low.

Some words

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