Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Alveolar stops or nasals [n t d] are persistently deleted between an obstruent or nasal and a stop or nasal.
• Non-nasal consonants [p k zː ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
• Voiceless stops [p t k] become ejective [pʼ tʼ kʼ] before a non-nasal phone except a non-nasal vowel or approximant.
• Nasals [m n ŋ] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Voiceless stops [p t k ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding obstruent.
• [n] become [l] before an alveolar approximant.
• Obstruents [p tʼ g ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent. After a voiced obstruent, ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Velar stops or nasals [ŋ k kʼ g] become bilabial [ŋ͡m k͡p k͡pʼ g͡b] before a bilabial stop or nasal.
• Short non-nasal voiced phones other than non-near-high vowels [g͡b g w ...] become voiceless [k͡p k w̥ ...] between a voiceless consonant and a voiceless consonant or word-finally.
• Alveolar stops [t tʼ d] become non-affricate and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Voiced vowels [i e ɛ ...] become creaky-voiced [ḭ ḛ ɛ̰ ...] before an ejective stop.
• Non-nasal consonants [k͡p d l̥ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Stops [k͡p pʼ d ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective stops become non-ejective.

Some words

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