Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Alveolar | | Alveolar sibilant | | Palatal | | Velar | | Uvular |
| Nasal | | m̥ | m | | n̥ | n | | | | | | | | ŋ̥ | ŋ | | ɴ̥ | ɴ |
| Stop | | p | b | | t | d | | t͡s | d͡z | | | | | k | g | | q | ɢ |
| Fricative | | | | | | | | s | | | | | | | | | | |
| Resonant | | | | | | r | | | | | | j | | | w | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | iː | | | | | | | | | u | uː | | |
| Mid-high | | e | eː | ẽ | eː̃ | | | | | | | o | oː | õ | oː̃ |
| Mid-low | | ɛ | ɛː | ɛ̃ | ɛː̃ | | | | | | | ɔ | ɔː | ɔ̃ | ɔː̃ |
| Low | | | | | | | a | aː | ã | aː̃ | | | | | |
Syllable structure
(C)(G)V(N)
C: a consonant
G: a semivowel; i.e. one of /j w/
V: a vowel
N: a voiced nasal; i.e. one of /m n ŋ ɴ/
Allophony
- Low vowels [a aː ã aː̃] become unrounded non-low [ɜ ɜː ɜ̃ ɜː̃] after a rounded semivowel.
- Mid vowels [e õ ɜː ...] become low [æ ɒ̃ aː ...] before an uvular stop or nasal. Mid-high vowels become lax.
- Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [t d] become non-affricate and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal. Word-finally, stops are deleted.
- Nasals [m̥ n̥ ŋ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Velar or uvular stops or nasals [ŋ̥ ɴ̥ g ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following back consonant other than [w].
- High vowels and semivowels [j i u ...] become non-high [e̯ e o ...] after a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except a vowel.
- Non-back vowels [i ɛː æ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following consonant.
- Unrounded vowels [i ɘː ɜ̃ ...] become back [ɯ ɤː ʌ̃ ...] after a back consonant.
- Non-bilabial consonants other than semivowels [n̥ ɴ q ...] become rounded [nʷ̥ ɴʷ qʷ ...] after a rounded semivowel.
- [o̯] become [e̯] after a non-low front vowel or a front semivowel.
- Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-dorsal consonants [m̥ p t͡s ...] persistently become front [m̥ʲ pʲ t͡sʲ ...] before a front semivowel.
- Back vowels and semivowels [w o ɔ̃ ...] become central [j ɘ ɜ̃ ...] before a front consonant. Rounded vowels become unrounded; low rounded vowels become non-low; semivowels become unrounded front.
- Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-front non-dorsal consonants [m̥ p t͡s ...] persistently become front [m̥ʲ pʲ t͡sʲ ...] after a front consonant except a semivowel.
- Consonants [m̥ ɴʷ qʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals.
- Consonants [m̥ b d͡zʷ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals.
- Obstruents [p dʲ t͡s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop, obstruents other than stops become stops.
- Consonants [m̥ b d͡zʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals.
- Central vowels [ɨ ɘ̃ ɜː̃ ...] become front [i ẽ ɛː̃ ...] after a front semivowel.
- Mid-low vowels [ɛ ɜː ʌ̃ ...] become low [æ aː ɑ̃ ...] after an uvular consonant.
- [æ æː æ̃ æː̃ ɑ ɑː ɑ̃ ɑː̃ ɒ ɒː ɒ̃ ɒː̃] persistently become mid before a semivowel.
- Unrounded non-low back vowels [ɯ ɤː ʌ ...] become rounded [u oː ɔ ...] before a rounded semivowel.
Some words
| /ɛːn̥ɔn/ | [ɜːn̥ɔn̥] |
| /dɔ̃nnjɛ̃/ | [dɜ̃nʲnʲjɛ̃] |
| /pɛŋtaŋ/ | [pɜndaŋ̥] |
| /duŋɴ̥ɛɴ/ | [duɴɴɑɴ̥] |
| /ɢeːmiŋ/ | [ɢɤːmɨŋ̥] |
| /n̥iːɴt͡sɛː̃/ | [n̥ɨːnd͡zɛː̃] |
| /bã/ | [bã] |
| /ɴ̥ɛn/ | [ɴ̥ɑn̥] |
| /waɴin/ | [wɑɴɤn̥] |
| /nɛː/ | [nɛː] |
| /ŋ̥amqaː/ | [ŋ̥ɑɴɢɑː] |
| /bjɛɴpoː̃ŋ/ | [bʲjæmboː̃ŋ̥] |
| /n̥aɢɛː/ | [n̥aɢɑː] |
| /pɛ̃/ | [pɛ̃] |
| /n̥ana/ | [n̥ana] |
| /demron/ | [dɘmron̥] |
| /taɴ/ | [taɴ̥] |
| /n̥jaɴ/ | [n̥ʲj̥æɴ̥] |
| /tɛːŋ/ | [tɜːŋ̥] |
| /qɛŋqoɴ/ | [qɑɴɢɒɴ̥] |
| /ɴjo/ | [ɴe̯o] |
| /ŋa/ | [ŋɑ] |
| /saːbaːn/ | [saːbaːn̥] |
| /rjɛŋ/ | [rʲjɛŋ̥] |
| /no/ | [no] |
| /n̥andɛm/ | [n̥andɜm̥] |
| /qwa/ | [qo̯̥ɑ] |
| /sa/ | [sa] |
| /moɢeː/ | [mɒɢɤː] |
| /n̥aːŋ/ | [n̥aːŋ̥] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 47446063587.