Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• [j] are deleted before a lax vowel.
• [ɲ] become [ṉʲ] before a palatoalveolar fricative.
• Non-front rounded vowels [u ṳ] become unrounded central [ɨ ɨ̤] before a semivowel.
• [p b t d ʈ̻ ɖ̻ k g f s sʼ ʃ ʃʼ l j] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricative sibilants become stops or nasals; ejective fricatives become non-ejective; [f] become [b].
• [f] become [w̥] after an obstruent.
• Front vowels and palatal semivowels [j̥ j i i̤] persistently become non-front [ ɨ ɨ̤] before a retroflex stop. Semivowels are deleted.
• Coronal consonants [n ʈ̻ s ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a preceding postalveolar obstruent or nasal. After a palatoalveolar laminal obstruent or nasal, approximants become non-lateral non-coronal palatal. After a retroflex stop, [ṉʲ] become [ɳ̻].
• Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [ṉʲ ṯ ḏ ...] persistently become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ c ɟ ...] before a palatal nasal.
• Non-pharyngeal non-retroflex non-front consonants other than [w̥], i.e. [m d d͡ʒ ...], become front [mʲ dʲ d͡ʑ ...] after a front consonant except a semivowel.
• Obstruents [p ʈʼ ɖ͡ʐ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding obstruent. After an ejective obstruent, voiced stops become ejective.
• Non-pharyngeal non-retroflex consonants other than [ɲ c cʼ ɟ j̥ j w̥], i.e. [m dʲ d͡ʑ ...], assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant.
• Coronal consonants [n ṯ s ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar laminal obstruent sibilant, non-lateral retroflex apical obstruents or nasals become alveolar; approximant laterals become non-lateral non-coronal palatal or velar; non-palatalised approximant laterals become palatal. Before a retroflex obstruent sibilant, palatalised consonants become non-front.
• Coronal nasals [n̻ n ɳ ...] become non-nasal approximant laterals [l̻ l ɭ ...] after a coronal approximant. [ṉʲ] become [j]; [ṉ] become [j].
• Non-sibilant coronal coronal stops [t̻ d ʈʼ ...] become affricate sibilants [t͡s̻ d͡z ʈ͡ʂʼ ...] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
• Non-retroflex coronal consonants [n̻ ḏ t͡ɕʼ ...] persistently become retroflex [ɳ̻ ɖ̻ ʈ͡ʂʼ̻ ...] after a retroflex consonant. Palatalised consonants become non-front.
• Retroflex consonants [ɳ̻ ɖ ʂ̻ ...] become non-retroflex [ṉ d ʃ ...] after a non-low front vowel or a high palatal semivowel. Apical obstruents or nasals become alveolar; approximants become non-lateral non-coronal palatal.
• Non-high lax vowels [a a̤] become mid-low [ɜ ɜ̤] before a semivowel.
• Non-ejective non-glottal fricative approximants [l̻ lʲ̥ ɭ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Nasals [m n ṉ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• [p b bʲ d̻ d̻ʲ t d dʲ ɖ̻ ɖ ḏ ṯʲ ḏʲ c ɟ k g t͡s̻ t͡sʼ̻ d͡z̻ t͡s̻ʲ t͡sʼ̻ʲ d͡z̻ʲ t͡s t͡sʼ d͡z t͡sʲ t͡sʼʲ d͡zʲ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂʼ̻ ɖ͡ʐ̻ ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʼ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʼ d͡ʑ f fʼ fʲ fʼʲ s̻ sʼ̻ s̻ʲ sʼ̻ʲ s sʼ sʲ sʼʲ ʂ̻ ʂʼ̻ ʂ ʂʼ ʃ ʃʼ ɕ ɕʼ] become nasals after a nasal. Voiceless obstruents other than non-affricate stops become stops; obstruents other than stops become stops; voiceless affricates become fricatives; voiced affricates become non-sibilant coronal nasals; non-affricate voiceless stops become voiced; labiodental fricatives become non-labiodental.
• [mʲ ɱ ɱʲ n̻ n̻ʲ nʲ ɳ̻ ɳ ṉ p b pʲ bʲ t̻ d̻ t̻ʲ d̻ʲ t d tʲ dʲ ʈ̻ ɖ̻ ʈ ɖ ṯ ḏ ṯʲ ḏʲ c ɟ k g t͡s̻ d͡z̻ t͡s̻ʲ d͡z̻ʲ t͡s d͡z t͡sʲ d͡zʲ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ɖ͡ʐ̻ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ f fʼ fʲ fʼʲ s̻ sʼ̻ s̻ʲ sʼ̻ʲ s sʼ sʲ sʼʲ ʂ̻ ʂʼ̻ ʂ ʂʼ ʃ ʃʼ ɕ ɕʼ l̻̥ l̻ l̻ʲ̥ l̻ʲ l̥ l lʲ̥ lʲ ɭ̥̻ ɭ̻ ɭ̥ ɭ j̥ j w̥ w] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; coronal ejective fricatives other than [ɕʼ] become non-glottalised; [sʼ̻ sʼ̻ʲ sʼʲ ʂʼ̻ ʂʼ ɕʼ] become [ɗ̻ ɗ̻ʲ ɗʲ ɗ̢̻ ɗ̢ ɗ̱̰ʲ]; non-nasal labiodental fricatives become bilabial; [fʼ fʼʲ] become [ɓ̰ ɓ̰ʲ].

Some words

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