Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Laminal alveolar | | Velar | | Rounded velar | | Glottal |
| Nasal | | | m | | | n̻ | | | ŋ | | | ŋʷ | | | |
| Stop | | p | b | | t̻ | d̻ | | k | g | | | | | ʔ | |
| Fricative | | | | | s̻ | | | x | | | | | | | |
| Approximant | | | | | | l̻ | | | | | | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | iː | | | | | u | uː |
| Mid-high | | e | eː | | | | | o | oː |
| Low | | | | | a | aː | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(ʔ)(C3)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C3: one of /m n̻ ŋ ŋʷ p t̻ k ʔ s̻ x l̻/
Allophony
- Non-pharyngeal velar obstruents or nasals [ŋ ŋʷ g ...] become non-velar non-palatalised [ŋ̟ ŋ̟ g̟ ...] after a front high vowel. [ŋʷ] become [ŋ̟].
- Voiceless stops [p t̻ k̟ k] become ejective [pʼ tʼ̻ k̟ʼ kʼ] before a non-nasal glottal stop.
- Alveolar stops [t̻ tʼ̻ d̻] become non-affricate and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
- [n̻ ŋ t̻ tʼ̻ d̻ k kʼ g ʔ s̻ x l̻] become rounded before a rounded nasal.
- Non-nasal consonants [p k̟ ʔ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant lateral. Before a voiced stop or nasal, ejective consonants become non-ejective; [ʔʷ] become [ɹ̻].
- Non-sibilant coronal alveolar nasals [n̻ n̻ʷ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Alveolar voiced fricatives [z̻ z̻ʷ] assimilate in resonancy and nasality and vibrancy and laterality to a preceding approximant.
- [n̻ ŋ t̻ tʼ̻ d̻ k kʼ g ʔ s̻ z̻ x ɣ ɹ̻ l̥̻ l̻] become rounded after a rounded consonant.
- [p pʼ t̻ tʼ̻ t̻ʷ tʼ̻ʷ k̟ k̟ʼ k kʼ kʷ kʼʷ z̻ s̻ʷ z̻ʷ ɣ̟ ɣ xʷ ɣʷ] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding consonant other than an approximant.
- Creaky-voiced fricatives [z̰̻ z̰̻ʷ ɣ̰ ...] persistently become non-glottalised [z̻ z̻ʷ ɣ ...].
- Glottalised fricatives [z̰̻ z̰̻ʷ ɣ̰ ...] persistently become affricates [ɗ͡z̰̻ ɗ͡z̰̻ʷ ʔ ...]. [ɣ̟̰ ɣ̰ ɣ̰ʷ] become [ʔ ʔ ʔʷ]; [z̰̻ z̰̻ʷ] become [ɗ͡z̰̻ ɗ͡z̰̻ʷ].
- Non-glottal fricative consonants [m g̟ z̻ʷ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. After a voiceless consonant other than an approximant, nasals become non-nasal; [z̰̻ ɣ̟̰ ɣ̰] become [s̻ x̟ x]; implosive affricates become non-implosive. After a voiced obstruent, non-affricate ejective stops become non-glottalised; [ʔ ʔʷ] become [ ɹ̻]; [k͡xʼʷ] become [ʔʷ]; [t͡sʼ̻ʷ] become [ɗ͡z̰̻ʷ].
- Consonants other than [ʔ ʔʷ], i.e. [m k x̟ ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiceless consonant other than an approximant, nasals become non-nasal; [z̰̻ ɣ̟̰ ɣ̰] become [s̻ x̟ x]; implosive affricates become non-implosive. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, non-affricate ejective stops become non-glottalised; [t͡sʼ̻ t͡sʼ̻ʷ] become [ɗ͡z̰̻ ɗ͡z̰̻ʷ]; [k͡xʼʷ] become [ʔʷ].
Some words
| /aoː/ | [aoː] |
| /s̻us̻is̻/ | [s̻us̻is̻] |
| /xiːʔl̻ŋuː/ | [xiːʔl̻ŋuː] |
| /ŋiːk/ | [ŋiːk̟] |
| /ad̻oŋ/ | [ad̻oŋ] |
| /xuːs̻i/ | [xuːs̻i] |
| /uak/ | [uak] |
| /ŋixo/ | [ŋix̟o] |
| /git̻aː/ | [git̻aː] |
| /t̻ed̻i/ | [t̻ed̻i] |
| /is̻/ | [is̻] |
| /bupa/ | [bupa] |
| /l̻aːt̻t̻iːŋʷ/ | [l̻aːt̻t̻iːŋ̟] |
| /s̻abit̻/ | [s̻abit̻] |
| /d̻at̻a/ | [d̻at̻a] |
| /l̻eːu/ | [l̻eːu] |
| /gaxiːn̻/ | [gaxiːn̻] |
| /xuːt̻t̻ut̻/ | [xuːt̻t̻ut̻] |
| /i/ | [i] |
| /git̻d̻iːp/ | [gid̻d̻iːp] |
| /d̻akl̻iː/ | [d̻akl̥̻iː] |
| /d̻al̻aːk/ | [d̻al̻aːk] |
| /gaŋ/ | [gaŋ] |
| /gaːl̻aːt̻/ | [gaːl̻aːt̻] |
| /n̻ixuːt̻/ | [n̻ix̟uːt̻] |
| /gaːt̻s̻u/ | [gaːt̻s̻u] |
| /gaːʔt̻l̻at̻/ | [gaːʔtʼ̻l̥̻at̻] |
| /ŋoxi/ | [ŋoxi] |
| /aːs̻oxa/ | [aːs̻oxa] |
| /n̻un̻pop/ | [n̻umbop] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 90435962400.