Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Alveolar | | Laminal retroflex lateral | | Pal. / vel. | | Rounded velar |
| Nasal | | | m | | | n | | | | | | | | | |
| Stop | | p | b | | t | d | | | | | k | g | | kʷ | |
| Fricative | | f | | | s | | | | | | | | | | |
| Trill | | | | | | r | | | | | | | | | |
| Tap | | | | | | ɾ | | | | | | | | | |
| Approximant | | | | | | l | | | ɭ̻ | | | j | | | w |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | | | | u | |
| Near-high | | | | | | | | | ʊˤ |
| Mid-high | | e | | | | | | o | |
| Mid-low | | ɛ | | | | | | ɔ | ɔˤ |
| Low | | | | | a | aˤ | | | |
Syllable structure
(C)V
C: a consonant
V: a vowel
Allophony
- Short non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative voiceless obstruents [p k f ...] become voiced [b g b ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone. [f] become [b]; [s] become [t͡s].
- [ɭ̻] persistently become [l̻] before an alveolar obstruent or nasal except a non-affricate stop or nasal.
- Coronal resonants [r ɾ l ...] assimilate in vibrancy to a following coronal resonant. Before an approximant lateral, non-lateral taps or trills become retroflex laminal laterals.
- [j] are deleted before a rounded vowel or semivowel.
- [n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Vowels [i e ɔ ...] persistently become nasal [ĩ ẽ ɔ̃ ...] before a nasal.
- Coronal consonants [n s ɺ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
- Front vowels and semivowels [j ĩ ẽ ...] become non-front [ ɨ̃ ɘ̃ ...] before a retroflex resonant. [j] are deleted.
- Alveolar voiced nasals [n̻ n] become non-nasal approximant laterals [l̻ l] before a coronal approximant.
- High semivowels [j w] become mid-high [e̯ o̯] after a non-high vowel.
- Vowels [i e ɜ̃ ...] persistently become retroflex [ɨ˞ ɘ˞ ɜ˞̃ ...] before a retroflex resonant. Front vowels become non-front.
- Non-retroflex alveolar consonants [n̻ t͡s̻ ɾ̻ ...] become retroflex [ɳ̻ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ɽ̻ ...] before a retroflex vowel. Trills become taps.
- Labial obstruents or nasals [m ɱ b ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
- Non-front non-low vowels and velar or uvular semivowels other than unrounded retroflex vowels [w ʊˤ̃ ɜ ...] become front [ ɪˤ̃ ɛ ...] after a front semivowel. Retroflex vowels become central; rounded vowels become unrounded; semivowels are deleted.
- [w o̯ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ u˞ u˞̃ ʊˤ ʊˤ̃ ʊ˞ˤ ʊ˞ˤ̃ ɘ ɘ̃ o õ o˞ o˞̃ ɜ ɜ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ ɔˤ ɔˤ̃ ɔ˞ ɔ˞̃ ɔ˞ˤ ɔ˞ˤ̃] become front after a front semivowel. Retroflex vowels become central; rounded vowels become unrounded; semivowels are deleted.
- Non-retroflex alveolar consonants [n̻ t͡s̻ ɾ̻ ...] persistently become retroflex [ɳ̻ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ɽ̻ ...] after a retroflex consonant. Trills become taps.
- Non-nasal consonants other than affricates [p g ɾ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; fricative sibilants become voiceless; [f] become [b].
- Unrounded dorsal consonants [ŋ g j ...] become rounded [ŋʷ gʷ ...] before a labial obstruent or nasal. Semivowels are deleted.
- Obstruents [p ʈ̻ t͡s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent. Before a voiced stop, obstruents other than stops become stops; coronal obstruents other than stops become voiceless; [f] become [b].
- [w̥ w o̯̥ o̯ u ũ u˞ u˞̃ ʊˤ ʊˤ̃ ʊ˞ˤ ʊ˞ˤ̃ o õ o˞ o˞̃ ɔ ɔ̃ ɔˤ ɔˤ̃ ɔ˞ ɔ˞̃ ɔ˞ˤ ɔ˞ˤ̃ a ã aˤ aˤ̃ a˞ a˞̃ a˞ˤ a˞ˤ̃] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a following mid-high semivowel. Before one of [e̯̥ e̯], non-low vowels become unrounded; semivowels are deleted.
- Non-nasal consonants [p ʈ͡ʂ ɺ̢̥̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; coronal fricatives become voiceless; [f] become [b].
- Coronal voiced nasals [n̻ n ɳ̻ ɳ] become non-nasal approximant laterals [l̻ l ɭ̻ ɭ] after a coronal approximant.
Some words
| /wʊˤjaˤ/ | [wʊˤjaˤ] |
| /ɾejaku/ | [ɾee̯agu] |
| /raˤjola/ | [raˤola] |
| /sewagɛ/ | [seo̯agɛ] |
| /jati/ | [jadi] |
| /ɾʊˤjo/ | [ɾʊˤo] |
| /fao/ | [fao] |
| /jʊˤ/ | [ʊˤ] |
| /simi/ | [sĩmi] |
| /faˤdaˤ/ | [faˤdaˤ] |
| /laˤna/ | [laˤ̃na] |
| /tʊˤfi/ | [tʊˤbi] |
| /pasaˤwaˤ/ | [pat͡sɑˤo̯aˤ] |
| /kiu/ | [kiu] |
| /sokɔˤ/ | [sogɔˤ] |
| /wiwiku/ | [wiwigu] |
| /ligɛ/ | [ligɛ] |
| /jʊˤji/ | [ʊˤji] |
| /baki/ | [bagi] |
| /dʊˤʊˤ/ | [dʊˤʊˤ] |
| /nigʊˤnɛ/ | [nigʊˤ̃nɛ] |
| /kile/ | [kile] |
| /jawʊˤta/ | [jɑo̯ʊˤda] |
| /eaˤ/ | [eaˤ] |
| /gai/ | [gai] |
| /walu/ | [walu] |
| /tawaˤ/ | [tɑo̯aˤ] |
| /sefi/ | [sebi] |
| /duki/ | [dugi] |
| /gɛga/ | [gɛga] |
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