Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Alveolar | | Rounded alveolar | | Palatalised alveolar | | Palatal | | Velar | | Rounded velar | | Glottal | | Rounded glottal | | Palatalised glottal |
| Nasal | | | m | | | n | | | nʷ | | | nʲ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Stop | | p | b | | t | d | | | | | | | | c | ɟ | | k | g | | kʷ | gʷ | | | | | | | | | |
| Fricative | | f | v | | s | z | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | h | | | hʷ | | | hʲ | |
| Resonant | | | | | | r | | | | | | | | | j | | | | | | w | | | | | | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | | u |
| Near-high | | ɪ | | | | ʊ |
| Mid-high | | e | | | | o |
| Mid-low | | ɛ | | | | ɔ |
| Low | | | | a | | |
Syllable structure
(C)(R1)(R2)V
C: a consonant
R1: one of /n r j w/
R2: one of /n j w/
V: a vowel
Allophony
- Non-glottal fricative non-nasal resonants [r j w] persistently become voiceless [r̥ j̥ w̥] after a non-nasal voiceless consonant.
- Vowels [i ʊ ɛ ...] become nasal [ĩ ʊ̃ ɛ̃ ...] before a nasal.
- High semivowels [j̥ j w̥ w] become mid-high [e̯̥ e̯ o̯̥ o̯] after a non-high vowel.
- Tense semivowels [j̥ w̥ e̯ ...] assimilate in uvularity to a preceding vowel or semivowel.
- Non-pharyngeal non-dorsal consonants [m b z ...] persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a front consonant, rounded consonants become unrounded.
- Non-front consonants other than semivowels [m d v ...] persistently assimilate in rounding to a following rounded consonant and become unrounded word-finally.
- Non-nasal consonants [p g hʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, glottal fricatives become non-glottal fricative dorsal.
- Non-nasal consonants [p g hʷ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, glottal fricatives become non-glottal fricative dorsal.
- Non-pharyngeal mid-high uvular semivowels [o̯̥ o̯] become unrounded velar or uvular fronted [ɘ̯̥ ɘ̯] before a front high vowel or a high palatal semivowel.
- Voiceless stops [p t c ...] become aspirated [pʰ tʰ cʰ ...] after a glottal fricative.
- Stops or nasals [m bʷ tʲ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop and a stop or nasal.
- Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ u o ...] become unrounded central [ɰ̥̟ ɨ ɘ ...] after a front consonant.
- Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels [ɰ̥̟ ɨ ɘ̃ ...] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a preceding mid-high semivowel. After a mid-high semivowel, rounded vowels and semivowels become unrounded.
- Non-pharyngeal mid-high uvular semivowels [ɤ̯̥ ɤ̯ o̯̥ o̯] become non-back non-front [ɘ̯̥ ɘ̯ ɘ̯̥ ɘ̯] after a front high vowel or a high palatal semivowel. Rounded semivowels become unrounded.
- Non-nasal consonants [pʰ kʰ r̥ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [hʲ] become [j].
- Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ i e ...] become central [ɰ̥̟ ɨ ɘ ...] after a back semivowel.
- Non-nasal consonants [pʰ kʰ r̥ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [hʲ] become [j].
- Short non-nasal voiced consonants [b gʷ rʲ ...] persistently become voiceless [p kʷ rʲ̥ ...] before a voiceless glottal fricative.
- Nasals [m mʲ nʷ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Unrounded back semivowels [ɰ̥ ɰ ɤ̯̥ ɤ̯] become rounded [w̥ w o̯̥ o̯] before a rounded vowel or semivowel.
Some words
| /wɔʊ/ | [wɔʊ] |
| /twatja/ | [tʷw̥atʲj̥a] |
| /refe/ | [refe] |
| /jjuhni/ | [jjɨni] |
| /darri/ | [darri] |
| /risrɔ/ | [risr̥ɔ] |
| /jjɛze/ | [jjɛze] |
| /raca/ | [raca] |
| /hʲɪa/ | [hʲɪa] |
| /gja/ | [gja] |
| /dnɪtwɛ/ | [dnɪtʷw̥ɜ] |
| /rɔta/ | [rɔta] |
| /fɪka/ | [fɪka] |
| /hʲase/ | [hʲase] |
| /ʊjwɪ/ | [ʊjɰ̟ɪ] |
| /fega/ | [fega] |
| /kʷjjeja/ | [kʷj̥jee̯a] |
| /hʷjepa/ | [hʲj̥epa] |
| /tide/ | [tide] |
| /snɔ/ | [znɔ] |
| /na/ | [na] |
| /oga/ | [oga] |
| /srʊnjʊ/ | [sr̥ʊ̃nʲjɪ̈] |
| /atnjʊ/ | [adʲnʲjɪ̈] |
| /po/ | [po] |
| /nɪe/ | [nɪe] |
| /ti/ | [ti] |
| /dahje/ | [dahʲj̥e] |
| /nɔnja/ | [nɔ̃nʲja] |
| /nɪnrje/ | [nɪ̃nʲrʲje] |
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