Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: one of /s̻ x l̻/

Allophony

• Front vowels [i e ɛ] become non-front [ɨ ɘ ɜ] before an uvular obstruent.
• [ɗ̻] become [n̻] between a vowel and a vowel.
• Non-dorsal obstruents or nasals [m t̻ t͡ʃ ...] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following non-lateral obstruent or nasal and become non-dorsal word-finally. Before [ɲ], [p ɓ] become [pʲ ɓʲ]. Before a palatal or velar obstruent or nasal, non-bilabial obstruents or nasals become non-back non-dorsal.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ ɗ̻ s̻ʲ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar consonant other than [ḻ], [t̻ t̻ʲ] become [t͡ʃ t͡ɕ]; implosives become nasals.
• Central vowels [ɨ ɘ ɜ a] persistently become front [i e ɛ ɛ] before a front obstruent or nasal. [a] become [ɛ].
• Nasals [ɲ͡m m ṉ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following non-lateral obstruent or nasal.
• Obstruents [k͡p ɠ͡ɓ t͡s̻ʲ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-lateral obstruent or nasal.
• Palatal nasals [ɲ͡m ɲ] become alveopalatal [mʲ nʲ̱] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal. [ɲ͡m] become [mʲ].
• Coronal voiced fricatives [z̻ z̻ʲ ʒ ʑ] become non-nasal approximant laterals [l̻ l̻ʲ ḻ lʲ̱] after a coronal approximant.
• Palatoalveolar stops or nasals other than stops [ṉ nʲ̱] persistently become non-coronal palatal nasals [ɲ ɲ] before a palatal nasal.
• Non-back vowels [i e ɛ ...] assimilate in frontness to a preceding consonant. After a front consonant, [a] become [ɛ].
• Non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative obstruents [k͡p ɠ͡ɓ̥ d͡z̻ʲ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Unrounded vowels [i e ɛ ...] become back [ɯ ɤ ʌ ...] before an uvular obstruent or nasal.
• Dorsal obstruents or nasals [ɲ͡m q͡p q͡ɓ ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following dorsal obstruent or nasal.
• Uvular-palatal nasals [ɴ͡mʲ ɴʲ] persistently become uvular [ɴ͡m ɴ].
• Consonants [ɲ͡m d̻ t͡s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-lateral obstruent or nasal. Before a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; [ṉ nʲ̱] become [t͡ʃ t͡ɕ]; [ɲ ɴʲ] become [t͡ɕ t͡ɕ]; [ɲ͡m ɴ͡mʲ] become [fʲ fʲ].
• Coronal voiced fricatives [z̻ z̻ʲ ʒ ʑ] become non-nasal approximant laterals [l̻ l̻ʲ ḻ lʲ̱] before a coronal approximant.

Some words

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