Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Unrounded non-labial consonants [n̻ t͡ʃ ʃ ...] become rounded [nʷ̻ t͡ʃʷ ʃʷ ...] before a high rounded vowel or semivowel. Semivowels become velar.
• Semivowels [j̥ j w̥ w] become mid-high [e̯̥ e̯ o̯̥ o̯] before a lax vowel.
• Non-affricate alveolar stops [t̻ tʷ̻ dʲ̻ ...] become affricate sibilants [t͡s̻ t͡sʷ̻ d͡zʲ̻ ...] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
• Non-labial consonants other than [w̥ w o̯̥ o̯], i.e. [n̻ t͡sʷ̻ zʲ̻ ...], persistently assimilate in rounding to a following consonant. Before a rounded consonant, semivowels become velar or uvular back.
• Coronal obstruents or nasals [n̻ t͡sʷ̻ z̻ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants.
• Bilabial fricatives [ɸ β ɸʲ βʲ] become non-lateral non-nasal approximants [β̞̥ β̞ β̞̥ʲ β̞ʲ] before a labiodental approximant.
• Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [t̻ tʷ̻ dʲ̻ ...] become affricate sibilants [t͡s̻ t͡sʷ̻ d͡zʲ̻ ...] before a high tense vowel or semivowel.
• Unrounded front vowels and semivowels [j̥ e̯̥ iː ...] become rounded [w̥ o̯̥ yː ...] before a rounded consonant. Semivowels become velar or uvular back.
• Obstruents [p d͡z̻ ɸʲ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Non-glottal stop resonants [ɾ̥̻ β̞̥ʲ j ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Coronal obstruents or nasals [n̻ t͡s̻ s̻ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a preceding coronal consonant. After a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal, non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants.
• Consonants [m d͡z̻ ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals become non-nasal; palatoalveolar nasals become affricate sibilants.
• Non-affricate coronal stops or nasals [n̻ nʷ̱ tʷ̻ ...] are persistently deleted between an obstruent or nasal and a stop.
• Nasals [m nʷ̻ ṉ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Consonants [m t͡s̻ ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; palatoalveolar nasals become affricate sibilants.
• Labial consonants [m ɸ β̞̥ʲ ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial consonant.
• Non-front vowels [ʉ u ɔː ...] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a preceding mid-high semivowel.
• Nasals [m n̻ nʷ̱ ...] become non-nasal resonants [β̞ ɾ̻ ɾʷ̻ ...] after a non-nasal resonant except a semivowel. Palatoalveolar nasals become alveolar; coronal palatalised nasals become non-front; [ŋ] are deleted.
• Nasals [m n̻ nʷ̱ ...] assimilate in resonancy and nasality to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an uvular semivowel or a high semivowel. After an obstruent, palatoalveolar nasals become affricate sibilants. After a resonant, coronal palatalised nasals become non-front; palatoalveolar nasals become alveolar; [ŋ] are deleted.

Some words

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