Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)(C₃)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant
C₃: a consonant other than an uvular consonant (/ɴ ^ɴɢ qʰ q ɢ/) or an affricate (/ⁿd͡z̻ t͡s̻ʰ t͡s̻ d͡z̻/) or one of /b d̻ g/ (/b d̻ g/)

Allophony

• Front vowels [i e ɛ] become non-front [ɨ ɘ ɜ] after an uvular stop or nasal.
• Unaspirated obstruents [^mb b ɢ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced stop, obstruents other than stops become resonants. After a voiceless consonant, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
• Front vowels [i e ɛ] become central [ɨ ɘ ɜ] before a semivowel.
• Voiceless stops [pʰ t̻ qʰ ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a preceding consonant other than a resonant.
• Non-pharyngeal consonants other than uvular consonants or [ɰ], i.e. [m p ⁿd͡z̻ ...], become front [mʲ pʲ ⁿd͡ʑ ...] before a non-low front vowel. Alveolar consonants other than [r̻] become alveopalatal; non-sibilant coronal stops or nasals other than [n̻] become affricate sibilants.
• Non-front alveolar consonants other than [r̻], i.e. [n̻ t̻ t͡s̻ʰ ...], persistently become palatoalveolar [ṉ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ ...] before an alveopalatal obstruent or nasal except a nasal. Non-sibilant coronal stops or nasals other than [n̻] become affricate sibilants.
• Prenasalised stops [^mb ^ɲɟ ⁿd͡z̻ ...] become nasals [m ɲ n̻ ...] before an obstruent or nasal. Affricates become non-sibilant coronal nasals.
• Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [ⁿd̻ t̻ʰ t̻ d̻] become affricate sibilants [ⁿd͡z̻ t͡s̻ʰ t͡s̻ d͡z̻] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
• Consonants [m pʲ t͡s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; fricatives other than [fʲ] become resonants; [ʃ ɕ] become [j j]; [hʲ] become [j]; [fʲ] become [j]. Before a voiceless obstruent, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised; nasals become non-nasal; [ṉ ṉʲ] become [t͡ʃ t͡ɕ].
• Before a labial obstruent or nasal, non-affricate dorsal stops or nasals become non-dorsal bilabial stops or nasals.
• High vowels and semivowels [j ɰ ɨ ...] become non-high [e̯ ɤ̯ ɘ ...] after a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except a vowel.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j e̯ e ...] become central [ɰ̟ ɘ̯ ɘ ...] before a back semivowel.
• Nasals [m n̻ ɲ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Central vowels and velar or uvular fronted semivowels [ɰ̟ ɨ ɜ ...] become front [j i ɛ ...] before a front consonant. [a] become [ɛ].
• Voiceless stops [pʰ t̻ʰ q ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than a resonant.
• Consonants [m bˠ t͡ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiceless consonant other than a resonant, nasals become non-nasal; prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised; [ṉ ṉʲ] become [t͡ʃ t͡ɕ]. After a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; fricatives other than [fʲ] become resonants; [ʃ ɕ] become [j j]; [hʲ] become [j]; [fʲ] become [j].
• [ɒ] become [ɔ] before a semivowel.
• Obstruents [^mb bʲ ⁿd͡ʒ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless consonant other than a resonant or pause, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised. Before a voiced stop, aspirated stops become unaspirated; obstruents other than stops or [fʲ] become resonants; [ʃ ɕ] become [j j]; [fʲ] become [j].
• Non-pharyngeal consonants other than semivowels or uvular consonants or non-affricate palatal stops or nasals [m pˠ t͡s̻ ...] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a front consonant, alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants.
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [p p̪ʲ q ...] become aspirated [pʰ p̪ʰʲ qʰ ...] after a glottal fricative.

Some words

Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 10884023838.