Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(R)(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
R: a voiced sonorant; i.e. one of /m n̻ ɲ β̞ ɹ̻ w/
C₂: one of /m n̻ ɲ p t̻ ṯ k ʔ t͡s̻ t͡ʃ f s̻ ʃ h β̞ ɹ̻ w/

Allophony

• Non-prenasalised voiced stops [b d̻ ḏ g] become prenasalised [^mb ⁿd̻ ⁿḏ ^ŋg] after a nasal.
• Non-pharyngeal consonants other than [ɲ w], i.e. [m t̻ f ...], persistently become front [mʲ tʲ̻ fʲ ...] before a palatal nasal. [h] become [j̥]; [ʔ] become [j].
• Non-pharyngeal consonants other than semivowels [m t̻ f ...] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a front consonant, [h] become [j̥]; [ʔ] become [j].
• Coronal stops or nasals [n̻ t̻ tʲ̱ ...] are persistently deleted between an obstruent and a stop.
• Prenasalised stops [^mb ⁿdʲ̻ ^ɲɟ ...] persistently become nasals [m nʲ̻ ɲ ...] before an obstruent or nasal.
• Labial consonants [m p v ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial consonant.
• [a] become [ɛ] before a palatal semivowel.
• Consonants other than [w], i.e. [m pʲ ɸ ...], become rounded [mʷ pʷ ɸʷ ...] before a rounded semivowel. Front consonants become non-front; non-velar palatal or velar stops or nasals become velar; [j̥ j] become [ɰ̥̟ ɰ̟].
• Non-nasal consonants [^mb tʲ̻ fʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiceless obstruent, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, glottal fricatives become unrounded non-glottal fricative palatal or velar; glottal stops become unrounded non-glottal stop palatal or velar.
• Between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel, [ʔ] become [h]; [ʔʷ hʷ] become [ɰ̥̟ ɰ̥̟].
• [m mʲ ɱ ɱʷ ɱʲ n̻ nʲ̻ ṉ nʲ̱ ^mb ^mbʲ ^ɱb ^ɱbʷ ^ɱbʲ ⁿd̻ ⁿdʲ̻ ⁿḏ ⁿdʲ̱ p b pʲ bʲ p̪ b̪ pʷ̪ bʷ̪ pʲ̪ bʲ̪ t̻ d̻ tʲ̻ dʲ̻ ṯ ḏ tʲ̱ dʲ̱ t͡s̻ d͡z̻ t͡sʲ̻ d͡zʲ̻ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ɸ β ɸʷ βʷ ɸʲ βʲ f v fʲ vʲ s̻ z̻ sʲ̻ zʲ̻ ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal and become non-palatal or velar word-finally. Before a front obstruent or nasal, rounded obstruents or nasals become non-front. Before a palatal or velar stop or nasal, [mʲ ɱ ɱʷ ɱʲ nʲ̻ nʲ̱ ^mbʲ ^ɱb ^ɱbʷ ^ɱbʲ ⁿdʲ̻ ⁿdʲ̱ pʲ bʲ p̪ b̪ pʷ̪ bʷ̪ pʲ̪ bʲ̪ tʲ̻ dʲ̻ tʲ̱ dʲ̱ t͡sʲ̻ d͡zʲ̻ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ ɸ β ɸʷ βʷ ɸʲ βʲ fʲ vʲ sʲ̻ zʲ̻ ɕ ʑ] become [m m mʷ m n̻ ṉ ^mb ^mb ^mbʷ ^mb ⁿd̻ ⁿḏ p b p b pʷ bʷ p b t̻ d̻ ṯ ḏ t͡s̻ d͡z̻ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ f v fʷ vʷ f v f v s̻ z̻ ʃ ʒ].
• Stops [^mb pʲ c ...] become ejective [pʼ pʼʲ cʼ ...] before a glottal stop. Voiced stops become ejective; prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
• Stops [^mb b̪ ɟ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. After an ejective consonant, voiced stops become ejective; prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
• Non-ejective obstruents [^mb t̻ t͡ʃʷ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. After a voiceless consonant other than an approximant, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
• Non-labial obstruents or nasals [n̻ tʲ̻ t͡sʷ̻ ...] assimilate in labiality and labiodentality to a following non-glottal fricative consonant other than [ʔ ʔʷ] and become non-labial word-finally. Before a labial consonant, non-coronal stops or nasals become non-palatal or velar bilabial; affricates become labiodental fricatives; velar stops or nasals become non-velar; ejective affricate sibilants become non-ejective.
• Nasals [n͡m̻ n͡ɱ̱ n̻ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Back vowels and velar semivowels [w̥ w u] become unrounded central [ɰ̥̟ ɰ̟ ɨ] before a front consonant.
• Semivowels [j̥ ɰ̥̟ w̥ ...] become mid-low [ɛ̥̯ ɜ̥̯ ɔ̥̯ ...] before a lax vowel.
• Before a rounded consonant, front semivowels become unrounded velar or uvular semivowels; front semivowels become unrounded velar or uvular semivowels.
• Coronal obstruents or nasals [n͡m̻ t͡pʷ̱ t͡sʲ̻ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant.
• Non-nasal consonants other than ejective stops [^n͡md͡b̻ b̪ ʃ͡fʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, glottal stops become unrounded non-ejective dorsal; glottal fricatives become unrounded non-glottal fricative dorsal. After a voiceless consonant other than an approximant, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
• Stops other than [pʼ pʷʼ pʼʲ pʼ̪ pʷʼ̪ pʼʲ̪ tʼ̻ tʷʼ̻ tʼʲ̻ tʼ̱ tʷʼ̱ tʼʲ̱ cʼ kʼ̟ kʼ kʷʼ t͡sʼ̻ t͡sʷʼ̻ t͡sʼʲ̻ t͡ʃʼ t͡ʃʷʼ t͡ɕʼ], i.e. [^n͡md͡b̻ d͡bʲ̻ pʷ̪ ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective stops become non-ejective. Before a voiceless consonant other than an approximant, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.

Some words

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