Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• [j] become [e̯] after a non-high vowel.
• After a non-labial obstruent, [m f] become [w̃ w].
• Labial obstruents or nasals [m p b f] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• Obstruents [p t d͡z ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Persistently, before a trill, [l] become [r]. Before [l], [r] become [ɰ̟].
• Nasals [m ɱ n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Obstruents [p k f ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
• Central vowels and velar or uvular fronted semivowels [ɰ̟ a] become front [j æ] before a front semivowel.
• Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels other than [ɒ], i.e. [w̃ w o ...], assimilate in backness or velarisation to a following uvular consonant. Before [e̯], rounded vowels and semivowels become unrounded.
• Before one of [ɴ χ ʁ], [ɱ p̪ b̪ ɸ β] become [m p b f v]. Before a velar stop or nasal, [ɱ p̪ b̪ ɸ β] become [m p b f v]. Before a back obstruent or nasal, non-affricate labiodental stops or nasals become bilabial stops; [ɸ β] become [f v].
• Back vowels and semivowels other than [ɒ], i.e. [w̃ w o ...], become central [ɰ̟̃ ɰ̟ ɘ ...] before a front semivowel. Rounded vowels and semivowels become unrounded.
• Velar or uvular obstruents or nasals [ŋ k χ ...] assimilate in uvularity to a following back obstruent or nasal.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [ɰ̟̃ e̯ e ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a preceding consonant.
• [ɰ æ a ɑ] become rounded before a rounded semivowel. Vowels other than [ɑ] become back; [æ] become [ɒ].
• Front vowels and semivowels [j̃ e̯ e ...] become non-front [ɰ̟̃ ɘ̯ ɘ ...] before an uvular obstruent or nasal.
• Consonants [m q ʁ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, resonants become obstruents; nasal consonants become obstruents; [e̯ ɘ̯] become [q q].
• Short non-glottal stop non-prenasalised voiced stops [b d ɢ ...] become fricatives [β z ʁ ...] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel. [d] become [z].

Some words

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