Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant other than /j/

Allophony

• Vowels and semivowels [j ɯ ʌ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a preceding consonant. After [j], rounded vowels become unrounded. After a consonant other than [j], [j] are deleted.
• Non-pharyngeal uvular obstruents or nasals [ɴ q χ] become non-back non-palatal approximants [ɘ̯̃ ] before a front high vowel or a high palatal semivowel.
• Velar or uvular back obstruents or nasals [ŋ k x ...] persistently assimilate in highness or uvularity to a following back obstruent or nasal.
• Short non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative voiceless obstruents [p k s ...] persistently become voiced [b g z ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
• Voiceless consonants [p q x ...] persistently become voiced [b ɢ ɣ ...] after a voiced consonant except an approximant. [h] are deleted.
• Velar or uvular obstruents or nasals [ŋ g x ...] become rounded [ŋʷ gʷ xʷ ...] after a bilabial stop or nasal.
• Non-affricate voiceless stops [p k q ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ kʰ qʰ ...] after a glottal fricative.
• Non-affricate voiceless stops [pʰ kʰ qʰ ...] assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than an approximant and become unaspirated word-finally.
• Consonants [m k s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated.
• Short non-prenasalised voiced stops [b g ɢ ...] become fricatives [β ɣ ʁ ...] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel.
• Unaspirated non-affricate voiceless stops [p k q ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ kʰ qʰ ...] before a glottal fricative.
• Alveolar obstruents or nasals [n̥ t d͡z ...] become non-lateral non-nasal approximants [ɹ̥ ɹ̥ ɹ ...] after an alveolar approximant. [tʰ] become [ɹ̥].
• Short voiced fricatives [β z ɣʷ ...] become approximants [ ɹ w ...] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel. Unrounded non-alveolar fricatives are deleted.
• Non-nasal consonants [pʰ q xʷ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated.
• Non-sibilant coronal alveolar nasals [n̥ n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Before a back obstruent or nasal, bilabial obstruents or nasals become non-bilabial obstruents or nasals; [b β] become [k x]; [m̥] become [ŋ].
• Unaspirated approximants [ɘ̥̯̃ ɹ w̥ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Short non-nasal voiced consonants [b d͡z ʁ ...] become voiceless [p t͡s χ ...] after a voiceless aspirated consonant.
• Velar or uvular back consonants [ŋ̥ g ɣ ...] assimilate in rounding to a following vowel or non-palatoalveolar semivowel. Before a vowel or semivowel, semivowels are deleted.
• Non-nasal vowels and semivowels [j̥ o̯ ɛ ...] become nasal [j̥̃ õ̯ ɛ̃ ...] after a glottal fricative. High vowels become non-high.

Some words

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