Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(C₂)V(C₃)

C₁: one of /m n ɲ p t k t͡s t͡ʃ l j/
C₂: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₃: one of /m n ɲ p t k t͡s t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ɾ l j/

Allophony

• Palatoalveolar laminal affricates [t͡ʃ d͡ʒ] persistently become non-retroflexed alveolar [t͡s̻ d͡z̻] before a non-retroflexed alveolar affricate.
• Coronal consonants [n d͡z̻ d͡ʒ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal stop or nasal. Before a palatoalveolar affricate, taps become stops or nasals; [t d] become [t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺]; approximants become non-lateral non-coronal palatal.
• Palatoalveolar apical stops or nasals [ṉ̺ t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺] become alveolar [n t͡s d͡z].
• Coronal consonants [n d͡z̻ t͡ʃ̺ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a preceding coronal consonant. After a palatoalveolar stop or nasal, approximants become non-lateral non-coronal palatal; [t d] become [t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺]; taps become stops or nasals.
• [ɲ] become [ŋ̟] before a consonant.
• Bilabial stops or nasals [m p b] become non-bilabial rounded and assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following phone.
• Back vowels [u uː ɔ ɔː] become central [ʉ ʉː ɞ ɞː] before a semivowel.
• Consonants [m d t͡s ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding stop or nasal. After a voiceless stop, nasals become non-nasal; [ṉ̺] become [t͡ʃ̺].
• Nasals [m ṉ̺ ŋ̟ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following stop or nasal.
• Central vowels [ʉ ɞ a ...] become front [y œ ɛ ...] after a palatal semivowel. Low vowels become non-low.
• Semivowels [j̥ j] become rounded [ɥ̥ ɥ] before a rounded vowel.
• Short non-glottal stop non-prenasalised stops other than non-sibilant coronal stops or nasals [p k̟ʷ d͡z̻ ...] persistently become fricatives [ɸ w̥̟ z̻ ...] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel. Palatal or velar stops become resonants.
• Short non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative voiceless consonants [p kʷ ʃ ...] become voiced [b gʷ ʒ ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
• High semivowels [j̥ ɥ̥ w̟ ...] become mid-high [e̥̯ ø̥̯ ɵ̯ ...] before a non-high vowel.
• Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ o̥̯ uː ...] become central [w̥̟ ɵ̥̯ ʉː ...] before a front semivowel.
• Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [ṉ t͡ʃ t͡ʃ̺ ...] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ c c ...] before a palatal stop or nasal.
• Vowels [i u ɞ ...] persistently become nasal [ĩ ũ ɞ̃ ...] before a nasal.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ t͡s z ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.

Some words

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