Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(C₂)(R)V(C₃)

C₁: one of /n̻ k kʼ w/
C₂: a consonant
R: a resonant; i.e. one of /ɾ̻ l̻ w/
V: a vowel
C₃: one of /m n̻ ɲ p t̻ t̻ʼ k kʼ q qʼ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ s̻ ʃ ɾ̻ l̻ w/

Allophony

• [ɲ] become [ṉʲ] before a palatoalveolar obstruent.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ t̻ʼ d͡ʒ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following fricative. Before [ʃ], non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants.
• (174) Palatoalveolar resonants [ɾ̱ ḻ] persistently become alveolar [ɾ̻ l̻].
• (175) [ɾ̱] persistently become [ɾ̻].
• Palatoalveolar resonants [ɾ̱ ḻ] persistently become non-coronal palatal semivowels [j j]. [ḻ] become [j].
• Rule (174) becomes inactive.
• Rule (175) becomes inactive.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ t̻ʼ d͡ʒ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following fricative. Before [ʃ], non-affricate stops become affricate sibilants.
• Palatoalveolar resonants [ɾ̱ ḻ] become retroflex [ɽ̻ ɭ̻].
• Palatoalveolar resonants [ɾ̱ ḻ] persistently become alveolar [ɾ̻ l̻].
• Palatoalveolar resonants [ɾ̱ ḻ] persistently become alveolar [ɾ̻ l̻].
• [ɾ̱] persistently become [ɾ̻].
• Palatoalveolar resonants [ɾ̱ ḻ] persistently become non-coronal palatal semivowels [j j]. [ḻ] become [j].
• Non-pharyngeal non-retroflex unrounded non-dorsal consonants [m t̻ t͡ʃʼ ...] persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant.
• [a] become [ɛ] after a front consonant.
• Non-nasal consonants [p qʼ s̻ʲ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Non-nasal consonants [p t͡s̻ʼʲ ɽ̻̥ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Alveopalatal stops or nasals [ṉʲ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʼ d͡ʑ] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ c cʼ ɟ] before a palatal nasal.
• Dorsal stops or nasals [ɲ ɟ g ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following dorsal stop or nasal.
• Uvular-palatal stops or nasals [ɴʲ qʲ qʼʲ ɢʲ] persistently become uvular [ɴ q qʼ ɢ].
• Non-retroflex coronal consonants [n̻ t͡s̻ʼʲ ɾ̻̥ ...] persistently become retroflex [ɳ̻ ʈ͡ʂʼ ɽ̻̥ ...] after a retroflex resonant. Palatalised consonants become non-front apical.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ j i ɛ] become non-front [ ɨ ɜ] before a retroflex consonant. Semivowels are deleted.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ i ɛ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following high semivowel. Before one of [w̥ w], semivowels are deleted. Before one of [j̥ j], [a] become [ɛ].
• [ɜ ɔ] become [a ɒ] after an uvular stop or nasal.
• Voiceless stops [p c t͡s̻ʲ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding obstruent. After an ejective stop, bilabial stops become non-ejective.
• Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ w ɔ ...] become central [ ɞ ...] before a front consonant. Semivowels are deleted; [ɒ] become [a].
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-front consonants other than apical consonants or uvular consonants [m g ʃ ...] become front [mʲ ɟ ɕ ...] after a front consonant except a semivowel. Retroflex consonants become non-front; retroflex consonants become apical.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ t͡s̻ʼʲ ʑ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Bilabial stops or nasals [m p pʲ ...] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal and become non-dorsal word-finally. Before an uvular stop or nasal, palatalised stops or nasals become non-back non-dorsal. Before a palatal or velar stop or nasal, stops or nasals become non-back non-dorsal.
• Obstruents [p qʲ t͡ɕʼ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent, ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Non-sibilant coronal coronal nasals [n̻ nʲ ṉ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal. Before an uvular-palatal stop or nasal, nasals become uvular.

Some words

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