Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Front vowels [i ɪ ẽ ...] become central [ɨ ɪ̈ ɘ̃ ...] before a velar semivowel.
• Stops or nasals other than palatoalveolar obstruents [m ŋ t̻ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop and a stop or nasal.
• Voiced stops [b d̻ g d͡ʒ] become nasals [m n̻ ŋ r̻] before a nasal phone. [d͡ʒ] become [r̻].
• Palatoalveolar affricates [t͡ʃ d͡ʒ] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [kʲ gʲ] before a palatal nasal.
• Voiceless stops [p t̻ k ...] become aspirated [pʰ t̻ʰ kʰ ...] before a glottal fricative.
• Nasals [m n̻ ɲ ŋ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Labial obstruents or nasals [m pʰ b ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• Consonants [m p̪ t͡ʃʰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless consonant other than [h], nasals become non-nasal; [ṉ] become [t͡ʃ]. After a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [s̻ ʃ] become [r̻ r̻]; [ɸ f] become [w w].
• Non-nasal vowels [i ɪ̈ o ...] become nasal [ĩ ɪ̈̃ õ ...] before a nasal phone.
• Front vowels [i ɪ ẽ ...] become non-front [ɨ ɪ̈ ɘ̃ ...] before a semivowel.
• Central vowels [ɨ ɪ̈̃ ɜ ...] become back [ɯ ʊ̜̃ ʌ ...] after a semivowel.
• Unrounded consonants [m p̪ t͡ʃʰ ...] persistently become rounded [mʷ pʷ̪ t͡ʃʷʰ ...] before a rounded semivowel. Palatal stops or nasals become velar; palatalised velar stops or nasals become non-palatalised velar.
• Non-glottal stop unaspirated obstruents [p t̻ʷ d͡ʒ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced stop, labial obstruents other than stops become non-labial velar approximants; non-labial obstruents other than stops become resonants; [ʃ ʃʷ] become [r̻ r̻ʷ]; [ɸ f] become [w w].
• Semivowels [w̥ w] become near-high [ʊ̯̥ ʊ̯] after a lax vowel.
• Non-affricate alveolar stops [t̻ʰ d̻ t̻ʷ ...] become affricate sibilants [t͡s̻ʰ d͡z̻ t͡s̻ʷ ...] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ t͡s̻ʰ t͡ʃʷ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-affricate stops become affricate sibilants.
• Palatoalveolar trills [r̥̱ ṟ rʷ̥̱ rʷ̱] persistently become alveolar [r̻̥ r̻ r̻ʷ̥ r̻ʷ].
• Palatoalveolar trills [r̥̱ ṟ rʷ̥̱ rʷ̱] persistently become non-coronal palatal semivowels [j̥ j ɰ̥̟ ɰ̟]. Rounded trills become unrounded velar.
• Obstruents [pʰ t̻ʷ t͡s̻ʷʰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced stop, aspirated stops become unaspirated; labial obstruents other than stops become non-labial velar approximants; coronal obstruents other than stops become resonants; [ʃ ʃʷ] become [r̻ r̻ʷ]; [ɸ f] become [w w].
• Non-pharyngeal palatalised velar stops or nasals [ŋʲ kʲʰ kʲ gʲ] persistently become non-palatalised velar velar [ŋ kʰ k g] before a consonant.
• Consonants [m t̻ʷʰ f ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; non-coronal fricatives become non-labial velar approximants; fricative sibilants become resonants; [ʃ ʃʷ] become [r̻ r̻ʷ]; [ɸ f] become [w w]. Before a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; [ṉ nʷ̱] become [t͡ʃ t͡ʃʷ].

Some words

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