Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Laminal alveolar | | Laminal alveolar sibilant | | Palatalised alveopal. sibilant / palatal | | Velar |
| Nasal | | | | m | | | | n̻ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Stop | | pʰ | p | b | | t̻ʰ | t̻ | d̻ | | t͡s̻ʰ | t͡s̻ | d͡z̻ | | t͡ɕʰ | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | | kʰ | k | g |
| Fricative | | | f | | | | | | | | s̻ | | | | ɕ | | | | | |
| Approximant | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | j | | | | w |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | | u |
| Mid-low | | ɛ | | | | ɔ |
| Low | | | | a | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: a consonant
Allophony
- Labial obstruents or nasals [m pʰ b ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
- High semivowels [j w] become mid-high [e̯ o̯] after a non-high vowel.
- Nasals [m ɱ n̻] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Non-pharyngeal obstruents or nasals [m p̪ t͡s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant and become non-front word-finally.
- Back vowels and semivowels [w o̯ u ɔ] become central [w̟ ɵ̯ ʉ ɞ] before a front semivowel.
- Front vowels and semivowels [j e̯ i ɛ] become rounded [ɥ ø̯ y œ] before a rounded semivowel.
- Unrounded vowels and semivowels other than [a], i.e. [j e̯ i ɛ], become rounded [ɥ ø̯ y œ] before a rounded semivowel.
- Non-nasal consonants [pʰ dʲ̻ t͡ɕ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
- Non-nasal consonants [pʰ k z̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
- Vowels and semivowels [j̥ e̯̥ i ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following semivowel. Before a velar or uvular rounded semivowel, unrounded semivowels are deleted.
- Unrounded non-labial consonants [n̻ ɟ t͡ɕ ...] become rounded [n̻ʷ ɟʷ t͡ɕʷ ...] after a rounded semivowel.
- Semivowels [j̥ w̟ ø̯̥ ...] assimilate in uvularity to a following vowel or semivowel.
- [j̥ j ɥ̥ ɥ w̥̟ w̟ e̯̥ e̯ ø̯̥ ø̯ ɵ̯̥ ɵ̯ ɨ ʉ ɜ ɞ a] persistently assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a consonant, unrounded semivowels are deleted.
- Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ e̯ ɨ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a consonant, unrounded semivowels are deleted.
- Coronal obstruents or nasals [n̻ t͡s̻ʰ d͡ʑ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-affricate stops become affricate sibilants.
- Semivowels [j̥ w̟ ø̯̥ ...] become lax [ɪ̯̥ ʊ̯̈ œ̯̥ ...] after a lax vowel.
- Voiceless stops [pʰ tʲ̻ t͡s̻ʷʰ ...] assimilate in aspiration to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
- Short non-glottal stop voiced stops other than non-sibilant coronal stops or nasals [b ɟʷ d͡zʲ̻ ...] persistently become fricatives [β ʝʷ zʲ̻ ...] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel.
- Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels [w̥̟ ʊ̯ ɔ̯ ...] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a following semivowel.
- Voiceless stops [pʰ tʲ̻ t͡s̻ʷʰ ...] assimilate in aspiration to a following obstruent or nasal.
Some words
| /kid͡z̻ud͡z̻/ | [kɨz̻ud͡z̻] |
| /juup/ | [juup] |
| /pɔɕɛt͡ɕ/ | [pɔɕɜt͡ʃ] |
| /pukʰia/ | [pukʰia] |
| /pad͡z̻n̻a/ | [pad͡z̻n̻a] |
| /wau/ | [o̯au] |
| /uɛ/ | [uɛ] |
| /akaj/ | [akæɛ̯] |
| /t̻at̻t̻i/ | [t̻at̻t̻i] |
| /kat̻t͡ɕu/ | [kæt͡ɕt͡ɕu] |
| /t̻ai/ | [t̻ai] |
| /jat̻ʰa/ | [e̯at̻ʰa] |
| /famɔ/ | [famɔ] |
| /ɕɔt͡ɕa/ | [ɕɔt͡ɕa] |
| /jit̻u/ | [jɨt̻u] |
| /a/ | [a] |
| /t͡ɕus̻a/ | [t͡ɕus̻a] |
| /juwɛ/ | [juo̯ɛ] |
| /iwa/ | [uo̯a] |
| /s̻us̻fɔn̻/ | [s̻us̻fɔn̻] |
| /wɔkʰa/ | [o̯ɔkʰa] |
| /wijuw/ | [wijuw] |
| /t͡s̻ɔd̻at͡ɕaw/ | [t͡s̻ɔd̻æt͡ɕɑɔ̯] |
| /ɔn̻ɛt͡s̻ɛ/ | [ɔn̻ɜt͡s̻ɛ] |
| /t̻it͡s̻a/ | [t̻ɨt͡s̻a] |
| /ɕaɛ/ | [ɕaɛ] |
| /jiwa/ | [juo̯a] |
| /kɔku/ | [kɔku] |
| /d̻uki/ | [d̻uki] |
| /d̻ɛs̻ɕu/ | [d̻ɛɕɕu] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 959481562.