Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)(G)V

C: a consonant
G: a semivowel; i.e. one of /j w/
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Non-nasal voiced semivowels [j w] persistently become voiceless [j̥ w̥] before a non-nasal consonant except a semivowel or word-finally.
• Palatal or velar stops [cʰ c kʰ k] become non-palatal or velar bilabial and assimilate in labiality to a following phone other than [h hʲ].
• [pʲʰ pʲ tʰ t cʰ c kʰ k s h hʲ] become rounded before a rounded semivowel. Non-velar non-alveolar consonants become unrounded; front consonants other than [hʲ] become non-front; sonorants become unaspirated voiced semivowels; [h] become [j].
• Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ w o ...] become non-back [j̥ j ɵ ...] before a non-retroflexed alveolar obstruent. Semivowels become unrounded palatal.
• Non-back vowels [i e ɵ̃ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a preceding consonant.
• Glottal fricatives [h hʲ] become stops and assimilate in place of articulation to a following palatal or velar stop.
• Central vowels [ɨ ɘ ɵ̃ ...] become front [i e ø̃ ...] before a front consonant.
• Voiceless glottal fricatives [h hʲ] are deleted before a non-labial voiceless stop.
• Voiced semivowels [j w] persistently become voiceless [j̥ w̥] after an obstruent.
• [cʰ c kʰ k] become rounded before a rounded vowel or semivowel. Palatal stops become unrounded; palatal stops become velar.
• High semivowels [j̥ j w̥ w] become mid-high [e̥̯ e̯ o̥̯ o̯] before a non-high vowel.
• Velar stops [kʰ̟ kʰ kʷʰ ...] become uvular [e̯ qʰ qʷʰ ...] before a back mid-high vowel or a mid-high uvular semivowel. Fronted stops become palatalised uvular voiced semivowels; [kʰ̟] become [e̯].
• Voiced semivowels [j w e̯ o̯] persistently become voiceless [j̥ w̥ e̥̯ o̥̯] before a consonant except a semivowel.
• Unaspirated stops [p t k ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʰ kʰ ...] after an aspirated consonant.
• Non-back vowels [i ẽ ɵ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following semivowel.
• Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ o̥̯ u ...] become central [j̥ e̥̯ ʉ ...] after a front semivowel. Semivowels become unrounded front.

Some words

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