Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V(R)

C: a consonant
V: a vowel
R: a sonorant

Allophony

• Nasals [ŋ͡m m n ŋ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Non-velar obstruents or nasals other than [f], i.e. [m n t ...], persistently become velar [ŋ͡m ŋ k ...] before a velar stop or nasal. Non-labial obstruents or nasals become non-alveolar.
• Mid-low vowels [ɛ œ ɜ̃ ...] become tense [e ø ɘ̃ ...] before a high semivowel.
• Low vowels [a ã] become non-low [ɜ ɜ̃] before a nasal.
• [f] become [ʋ̥] after an obstruent.
• [t] become [t͡s] before a non-nasal alveolar fricative.
• Consonants [ŋ͡m k͡p s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a nasal, [s x] become [ɾ ]; [f] become [β̞].
• Consonants [ŋ͡m̥ ŋ f ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, [s x] become [ɾ ]; [f] become [β̞].
• Non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative obstruents [k͡p t t͡s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent. After a voiced stop, [f x] become [β̞ ]; [s] become [ɾ].
• [n] become [l] after an alveolar approximant.
• Non-lateral alveolar taps [ɾ̥ ɾ] become approximants [ɹ̥ ɹ] before an alveolar approximant.
• Consonants [ŋ͡m̥ k͡p x ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop or nasal, [f x] become [β̞ ]; [s] become [ɾ].

Some words

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