Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Laminal alveolar | | Laminal alveolar sibilant | | Pal. / vel. | | Rounded velar / bilabial-velar | | Glottal |
| Nasal | | | | m | | | | n̻ | | | | | | | | ŋ | | | | ŋ͡m | | | | |
| Stop | | p | pʼ | b | | t̻ | t̻ʼ | d̻ | | | t͡s̻ʼ | | | k | kʼ | g | | k͡p | k͡pʼ | g͡b | | | | |
| Fricative | | f | | | | | | | | s̻ | | | | | | | | | | | | h | | |
| Approximant | | | | | | | | l̻ | | | | | | j̥ | | j | | | | w | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | ɨ | | | ɯ | u |
| Mid-low | | ɛ | | | ɜ | | | ʌ | ɔ |
| Low | | | | | a | | | | |
Syllable structure
(C)V
C: a consonant
V: a vowel
Allophony
- Voiceless stops [k͡p pʼ k ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant.
- Non-high vowels other than [a], i.e. [ɛ ɜ ʌ ɔ], become tense [e ɘ ɤ o] before a high semivowel.
- Nasals [ŋ͡m m n̻ ŋ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
- Non-nasal consonants [k͡p t̻ʼ f ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop or nasal, ejective stops become non-ejective; [s̻] become [ɹ̻]; [h] are deleted; [f] become [w].
- Obstruents [k͡p b g ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced stop or nasal, ejective stops become non-ejective; [f] become [w]; [s̻] become [ɹ̻].
- Obstruents [k͡p b g ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced stop or nasal, ejective stops become non-ejective; [s̻] become [ɹ̻]; [f] become [w].
- Voiceless stops [k͡p pʼ k ...] persistently become aspirated [k͡pʰ pʰ kʰ ...] after a glottal fricative. Ejective stops become non-ejective.
- Non-nasal consonants [k͡pʰ t̻ʼ f ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; ejective stops become non-ejective; [s̻] become [ɹ̻]; [f] become [w].
- [g͡b b d̻ g d͡z̻ f s̻] become prenasalised after a nasal. [f] become [m]; [s̻] become [n̻].
- Unaspirated voiceless stops [k͡p pʼ k ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant.
- Non-nasal consonants [ŋg͡mb t̻ʰ d͡z̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless consonant other than an approximant or pause, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised. Before a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; ejective stops become non-ejective; [f] become [w]; [s̻] become [ɹ̻].
- [n̻] assimilate in resonancy and nasality and vibrancy and laterality to a following alveolar approximant.
- Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops or nasals [n̻ t̻ʰ t̻ʼ ...] are persistently deleted between an obstruent and a stop.
- Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ ɯ o ...] become non-back [ɰ̟̥ ɨ ɘ ...] before a non-retroflexed alveolar consonant. Rounded vowels and semivowels become unrounded.
Some words
| /d̻akʼaa/ | [d̻akʼaa] |
| /t̻ʼɛ/ | [t̻ʼɛ] |
| /fɨŋa/ | [fɨŋa] |
| /ɜn̻ɨ/ | [ɜn̻ɨ] |
| /ŋuɨpʼi/ | [ŋuɨpʼi] |
| /ɛl̻it͡s̻ʼɛ/ | [ɛl̻it͡s̻ʼɛ] |
| /as̻ɯ/ | [as̻ɯ] |
| /wil̻ihɛ/ | [wil̻ihɛ] |
| /jɜhɯ/ | [jɜhɯ] |
| /n̻akʼu/ | [n̻akʼu] |
| /d̻akʼɨ/ | [d̻akʼɨ] |
| /kifɜ/ | [kifɜ] |
| /t̻ʼad̻ɛ/ | [t̻ʼad̻ɛ] |
| /ɜa/ | [ɜa] |
| /wɜwa/ | [wɘwa] |
| /kʼɛfɛ/ | [kʼɛfɛ] |
| /s̻ʌmi/ | [s̻ʌmi] |
| /t̻ʼɨt̻ʼa/ | [t̻ʼɨt̻ʼa] |
| /jɛt̻ʼɜu/ | [jɛt̻ʼɜu] |
| /t͡s̻ʼit̻ʼi/ | [t͡s̻ʼit̻ʼi] |
| /fat̻ʼɯɛ/ | [fat̻ʼɯɛ] |
| /hɛa/ | [hɛa] |
| /juɨpʼa/ | [juɨpʼa] |
| /n̻ut̻ɔ/ | [n̻ɨt̻ɔ] |
| /ŋaji/ | [ŋaji] |
| /gɔj̥ɨ/ | [goj̥ɨ] |
| /n̻ɛha/ | [n̻ɛha] |
| /ɨwɨ/ | [ɨwɨ] |
| /n̻ɨi/ | [n̻ɨi] |
| /s̻uji/ | [s̻uji] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 37724829519.