Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Stops [p tʼ g ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent. Before a voiced stop, ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Non-pharyngeal non-palatal consonants other than [w], i.e. [m tʼ d͡ʒ ...], become front [mʲ tʼʲ d͡ʑ ...] before a palatal consonant.
• Non-bilabial voiceless obstruents [t k sʼ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding obstruent.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j i ɨ e] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following one of [j w]. Before [w], [j] become [ŋ̟].
• Alveopalatal affricates [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʼ d͡ʑ] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [kʲ kʲʼ gʲ] before a palatal stop or nasal.
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-front consonants [m tʼ d͡ʒ ...] become front [mʲ tʼʲ d͡ʑ ...] before a front high vowel or a high palatal semivowel.
• Central vowels [ɨ ɘ] become front [i e] after a front consonant.
• Tense vowels and semivowels [j i e ...] become lax [ɛ̯ ɛ ɛ ...] before a vowel or resonant except a vowel or a non-palatoalveolar semivowel or an approximant lateral. High vowels and semivowels become non-high.
• Nasals [m n ɲ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Coronal consonants [n dʲ sʲ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ tʼʲ sʼ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; non-palatalised resonants become alveopalatal; taps become non-coronal semivowels; approximant laterals become non-lateral non-coronal dorsal.
• Palatal stops or nasals [ɲ c kʲ ...] become alveopalatal [ṉʲ t͡ɕ t͡ɕ ...] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal. Stops become affricates.
• [ɔ̯] become [ɴ] before a front high vowel or a high palatal semivowel.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j ɛ̯ e ...] persistently become non-front [ŋ̟ ɴ ɘ ...] before an uvular nasal. Semivowels become nasals; [ɛ̯] become [ɴ].
• Front vowels and semivowels [j ɛ̯ e ...] become non-front [ŋ̟ ɴ ɘ ...] before an uvular nasal. Semivowels become nasals; [ɛ̯] become [ɴ].
• Consonants [m dʲ t͡ɕ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, ejective obstruents become non-ejective. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; palatoalveolar nasals become affricate sibilants.
• Palatal stops or nasals [ɲ c kʲ ...] persistently assimilate in whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following palatal stop or nasal.
• Obstruents [p g d͡ʑ̺ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent. After a voiced obstruent, ejective obstruents become non-ejective.
• Non-ejective obstruents [p k t͡ɕ̺ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Consonants [m g̟ sʲ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals become non-nasal; palatoalveolar nasals become affricate sibilants. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective obstruents become non-ejective.

Some words

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