Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(C₂)(C₃)V(C₄)

C₁: one of /m m̰ n n̰ tʰ t tʼ kʰ k kʼ f s j j̰ w w̰/
C₂: a non-palatal non-labial consonant other than a stop; i.e. one of /n n̰ s z w w̰/
C₃: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₄: a consonant

Allophony

• Stops [b tʼ k ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a glottalised stop or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Non-glottalised obstruents [b d f ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Unrounded non-labial consonants [n d g ...] persistently become rounded [nʷ dʷ gʷ ...] before a rounded semivowel. Semivowels are deleted.
• Voiced vowels and semivowels [j u ɛ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following phone.
• Mid-high vowels [e ḛ o o̰] become high [i ḭ u ṵ] before a semivowel.
• Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced consonants other than fricatives [m dʷ u ...] become creaky-voiced [m̰ dʷ̰ ṵ ...] after a creaky-voiced consonant.
• Nasals [m n nʷ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Glottalised stops [b̰ tʷʼ g̰ ...] become non-glottalised [b tʷ g ...].
• Consonants other than glottalised sonorants [m d kʷʰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal.
• Aspirated stops [tʰ tʷʰ kʰ kʷʰ] persistently become unaspirated [t tʷ k kʷ].
• Non-glottalised unaspirated voiceless stops [p t k ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʰ kʰ ...] after an aspirated stop.
• Nasals [m n ŋ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
• Voiced obstruents [b dʷ gʷ ...] become nasals [m nʷ ŋʷ ...] before a nasal. Fricative sibilants become non-sibilant coronal nasals; [v] become [m].
• Consonants other than [j̰ w̰], i.e. [m b̰ g ...], assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals become non-nasal.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ i ɛ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following semivowel. Before a velar semivowel, semivowels are deleted. Before a palatal semivowel, low vowels become non-low.
• Short voiced fricatives [v z zʷ] are deleted between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ i ḛ ...] become central [ ɨ ɘ̰ ...] before a velar semivowel. Semivowels are deleted.
• Non-pharyngeal non-alveolar obstruents or nasals [m p kʼ ...] become front [mʲ pʲ cʼ ...] before a palatal semivowel. Rounded stops or nasals become unrounded non-front.
• Non-high vowels [e o ɜ̰ ...] become nasal [ẽ õ ɜ̰̃ ...] before a nasal.

Some words

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