Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(G)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant other than a semivowel (/j w/)
G: a semivowel; i.e. one of /j w/
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant other than a semivowel (/j w/)

Allophony

• Voiced consonants [m n j ...] persistently become voiceless [m̥ n̥ j̥ ...] before a non-nasal consonant except a resonant.
• Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ w ʌ ...] become central [ ɜ ...] before a palatal semivowel. Semivowels are deleted; vowels other than [ʌ] become unrounded.
• Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ w ʌ ...] become central [ ɜ ...] before a palatal semivowel. Vowels other than [ʌ] become unrounded; semivowels are deleted.
• [k] become [c] before a front high vowel or a high palatal semivowel.
• [n] become [ɾ] between a vowel or resonant and a vowel or semivowel.
• Voiceless stops [p t c k] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ] before a glottal fricative.
• Obstruents other than [s], i.e. [pʰ tʰ c ...], assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than a resonant.
• Consonants [m̥ t h ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After one of [m n], aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [ʔ] are deleted.
• Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels [w̥ ɨ ɜ ...] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a preceding semivowel. After one of [j̥ j], rounded vowels become unrounded; semivowels are deleted.
• [h] are deleted before a non-bilabial voiceless stop.
• Central vowels [ɨ ɜ] persistently become front [i ɛ] after a palatal consonant.
• [ɯ ʌ] become [u ɔ] before a rounded semivowel.
• Unaspirated voiceless obstruents other than [s], i.e. [p t c k], persistently become ejective [pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ] after a non-nasal glottal stop.
• Unaspirated voiceless obstruents other than [s], i.e. [p t cʼ ...], persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant.
• Consonants [m̥ tʼ ʔ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; ejective consonants become non-ejective.
• Obstruents [pʰ tʼ kʰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated; ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Vowels [i ɯ ɜ ...] persistently become nasal [ĩ ɯ̃ ɜ̃ ...] before a nasal.
• Nasals [m̥ m n̥ n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
• Nasals [m̥ n̥ ɲ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ i ɛ ...] become central [ ɨ ɜ ...] before a velar semivowel. Semivowels are deleted.
• Stops or nasals [m̥ pʰ cʰ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop and an obstruent.
• Voiceless obstruents other than [s], i.e. [pʰ t cʼ ...], assimilate in aspiration to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After an aspirated consonant, ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Unaspirated voiceless obstruents other than [s], i.e. [p t cʼ ...], assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant.

Some words

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