Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a voiced sonorant other than /ʎ/; i.e. one of /m n ʕ ɾ j ɪ̯ˤ ʟ ʊ̜ˤˡ/

Allophony

• Non-nasal consonants [p gˤ ʕ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced consonant other than a resonant, [ʔ] are deleted.
• (180) Short non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative voiceless fricatives [f s] persistently become voiced [v z] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
• Labial obstruents or nasals [m p f ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• Stops other than [p p̪], i.e. [b t g ...], become ejective [p tʼ kʼ ...] before a non-nasal glottal stop. Labial stops become non-ejective; voiced stops become ejective.
• Non-pharyngealised consonants other than [j̥ j], i.e. [m tʼ v ...], assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a palatal approximant, velar stops become alveopalatal affricates.
• After a pharyngealised consonant, [o] become [ɒ]; [e] become [a].
• Coronal consonants [n tʲʼ z ...] assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before an alveopalatal affricate, [ɾ̥ʲ ɾʲ] become [ɾ̥̻ ɾ̻].
• Rule (180) becomes inactive.
• Obstruents other than [tʼ kʼ kˤʼ], i.e. [p d β ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced consonant other than a resonant, ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels other than [a], i.e. [j̥ ɪ̥̯ˤ i ...], become central [ ħ ɨ ...] after a non-front consonant. Semivowels become radicals.
• Tense vowels and semivowels [j̥ i e ...] become lax [ɪ̥̯ ɪ ɛ ...] after a pharyngealised consonant.
• Tense vowels and semivowels [j̥ i e ...] persistently become lax [ɪ̥̯ ɪ ɛ ...] before a pharyngealised consonant.
• High vowels and semivowels [j̥ ɪ̥̯ˤ u ...] persistently become non-high [e̥̯ ɛ̥̯ˤ o ...] before a pharyngealised consonant.
• Vowels [i ɪ̈ ɛ ...] become pharyngealised [ɪˤ ɪ̈ˤ ɛˤ ...] before a pharyngealised consonant. Tense vowels become lax.
• Vowels [i ʊ ɜ ...] become nasal [ĩ ʊ̃ ɜ̃ ...] after a radical.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ d sʲ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before a laminal consonant, [ɾ̥ʲ ɾʲ] become [ɾ̥̻ ɾ̻].
• Non-ejective obstruents [p d ɸʲ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant.
• Coronal consonants other than apical taps [n̻ t d͡ʑ̺ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before an alveopalatal affricate, non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; taps become alveolar; taps become apical.
• Short non-ejective non-prenasalised voiced stops [b dʲ̻ d͡zʲ̻ ...] become fricatives [β ðʲ zʲ̻ ...] between a vowel or resonant and a vowel or semivowel. [g] are deleted; [gˤ] become [ʕ].
• Non-nasal consonants other than [tʼ kʼ kˤʼ], i.e. [p d͡ʒ ʑ ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced consonant other than a resonant, ejective consonants become non-ejective; [ʔʲ] become [j].
• Central vowels [ɨ ɪ̈̃ˤ ɜˤ ...] persistently become back [ɯ ʊ̜̃ˤ ʌˤ ...] before a pharyngealised consonant.

Some words

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