Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• [g͡b b d g s x] become nasals before a nasal phone. [x] become [h]; [s] become [r̥̃].
• Stops or nasals [ŋ͡m k͡p t ...] become non-affricate and assimilate in place of articulation between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
• Voiceless stops [k͡p p t k] become aspirated [k͡pʰ pʰ tʰ kʰ] before a glottal fricative.
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [k͡p p t k] persistently become aspirated [k͡pʰ pʰ tʰ kʰ] after a glottal fricative.
• Nasals [ŋ͡m m n ŋ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Obstruents [k͡pʰ p kʰ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than [r]. After a voiced stop, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Non-glottal stop trills [r̥̃ r] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
• Bilabial stops or nasals [ŋ͡m k͡pʰ pʰ ...] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Consonants [ŋ͡m p s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated. After a voiceless consonant other than a resonant, nasals become non-nasal.
• Consonants [ŋ͡m p s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiceless consonant other than a resonant, nasals become non-nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated.
• Obstruents [k͡pʰ b k ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [k͡p p t k] become aspirated [k͡pʰ pʰ tʰ kʰ] after an aspirated consonant.

Some words

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