Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Short non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative voiceless obstruents [p k f ...] become voiced [b g b ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone. [f] become [b]; [s] become [t͡s].
• [ɭ̻] persistently become [l̻] before an alveolar obstruent or nasal except a non-affricate stop or nasal.
• Coronal resonants [r ɾ l ...] assimilate in vibrancy to a following coronal resonant. Before an approximant lateral, non-lateral taps or trills become retroflex laminal laterals.
• [j] are deleted before a rounded vowel or semivowel.
• [n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Vowels [i e ɔ ...] persistently become nasal [ĩ ẽ ɔ̃ ...] before a nasal.
• Coronal consonants [n s ɺ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j ĩ ẽ ...] become non-front [ ɨ̃ ɘ̃ ...] before a retroflex resonant. [j] are deleted.
• Alveolar voiced nasals [n̻ n] become non-nasal approximant laterals [l̻ l] before a coronal approximant.
• High semivowels [j w] become mid-high [e̯ o̯] after a non-high vowel.
• Vowels [i e ɜ̃ ...] persistently become retroflex [ɨ˞ ɘ˞ ɜ˞̃ ...] before a retroflex resonant. Front vowels become non-front.
• Non-retroflex alveolar consonants [n̻ t͡s̻ ɾ̻ ...] become retroflex [ɳ̻ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ɽ̻ ...] before a retroflex vowel. Trills become taps.
• Labial obstruents or nasals [m ɱ b ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• Non-front non-low vowels and velar or uvular semivowels other than unrounded retroflex vowels [w ʊˤ̃ ɜ ...] become front [ ɪˤ̃ ɛ ...] after a front semivowel. Retroflex vowels become central; rounded vowels become unrounded; semivowels are deleted.
• [w o̯ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ u˞ u˞̃ ʊˤ ʊˤ̃ ʊ˞ˤ ʊ˞ˤ̃ ɘ ɘ̃ o õ o˞ o˞̃ ɜ ɜ̃ ɔ ɔ̃ ɔˤ ɔˤ̃ ɔ˞ ɔ˞̃ ɔ˞ˤ ɔ˞ˤ̃] become front after a front semivowel. Retroflex vowels become central; rounded vowels become unrounded; semivowels are deleted.
• Non-retroflex alveolar consonants [n̻ t͡s̻ ɾ̻ ...] persistently become retroflex [ɳ̻ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ɽ̻ ...] after a retroflex consonant. Trills become taps.
• Non-nasal consonants other than affricates [p g ɾ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; fricative sibilants become voiceless; [f] become [b].
• Unrounded dorsal consonants [ŋ g j ...] become rounded [ŋʷ gʷ ...] before a labial obstruent or nasal. Semivowels are deleted.
• Obstruents [p ʈ̻ t͡s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent. Before a voiced stop, obstruents other than stops become stops; coronal obstruents other than stops become voiceless; [f] become [b].
• [w̥ w o̯̥ o̯ u ũ u˞ u˞̃ ʊˤ ʊˤ̃ ʊ˞ˤ ʊ˞ˤ̃ o õ o˞ o˞̃ ɔ ɔ̃ ɔˤ ɔˤ̃ ɔ˞ ɔ˞̃ ɔ˞ˤ ɔ˞ˤ̃ a ã aˤ aˤ̃ a˞ a˞̃ a˞ˤ a˞ˤ̃] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a following mid-high semivowel. Before one of [e̯̥ e̯], non-low vowels become unrounded; semivowels are deleted.
• Non-nasal consonants [p ʈ͡ʂ ɺ̢̥̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; coronal fricatives become voiceless; [f] become [b].
• Coronal voiced nasals [n̻ n ɳ̻ ɳ] become non-nasal approximant laterals [l̻ l ɭ̻ ɭ] after a coronal approximant.

Some words

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