Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(G)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
G: a semivowel; i.e. one of /j w/
V: a vowel
C₂: one of /m n ɳ ŋ p t k t͡s f ʂ x h w/

Allophony

• Consonants [m ɖ s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless consonant other than [h], nasals become non-nasal; [ɲ] become [t͡ɕ]. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, [h] are deleted.
• Consonants [m k z ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a semivowel. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, [h] are deleted. Before a voiceless consonant other than a semivowel, nasals become non-nasal; [ɲ] become [t͡ɕ].
• Coronal obstruents or nasals [n t͡s s ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a laminal obstruent, non-affricate stops become affricate sibilants. Before a retroflex obstruent sibilant, laminal obstruents become non-front.
• Unrounded palatal or velar consonants [ɲ k ɣ ...] become rounded [ŋʷ kʷ ɣʷ ...] before a rounded vowel or semivowel. Palatal consonants become velar.
• Coronal obstruents or nasals [n d͡z z̻ʲ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal obstruent or nasal.
• Unrounded non-labial consonants [n̻ d͡z̻ʲ s ...] become rounded [nʷ̻ d͡zʷ̻ sʷ ...] after a rounded consonant. Front consonants become non-front; palatal consonants become velar.
• Unrounded non-labial consonants [n̻ d͡z̻ʲ s ...] become rounded [nʷ̻ d͡zʷ̻ sʷ ...] after a rounded consonant. Front consonants become non-front; palatal consonants become velar.
• Obstruents other than non-affricate voiceless stops [b ʈ͡ʂ zʷ ...] become nasals [m h w ...] before a nasal. [t͡s̻ t͡sʷ̻ d͡zʷ̻ t͡s̻ʲ d͡z̻ʲ t͡s t͡sʷ d͡zʷ t͡sʲ d͡zʲ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂ̻ʷ ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʷ s̻ sʷ̻ zʷ̻ s̻ʲ z̻ʲ s sʷ zʷ sʲ zʲ ʂ̻ ʂ̻ʷ ʂ ʂʷ x] become [h hʷ w hʲ j h hʷ w hʲ j h hʷ h hʷ h hʷ w hʲ j h hʷ w hʲ j h hʷ h hʷ h]; [d͡z̻ d͡z ɖ͡ʐ̻ ɖ͡ʐ̻ʷ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʷ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʷ d͡ʒʷ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺ t͡ʃ̺ʷ d͡ʒ̺ʷ t͡ɕ̺ d͡ʑ̺ ʐ̻ʷ ʐʷ ʃ ʒ ʃʷ ʒʷ ɕ ʑ ʃ̺ ʒ̺ ʃ̺ʷ ʒ̺ʷ ɕ̺ ʑ̺] become [ w w j̥̃ j̃ w̥̃ w̃ j̥̃ j̃ j̥̃ j̃ w̥̃ w̃ j̥̃ j̃ w w j̥̃ j̃ w̥̃ w̃ j̥̃ j̃ j̥̃ j̃ w̥̃ w̃ j̥̃ j̃]; [z̻ z ʐ̻ ʐ ɣ xʷ ɣʷ] become [ w̥̃ w̃]; labiodental fricatives become non-labial velar rounded semivowels.
• Labial obstruents or nasals [m p f ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• [m ɱ n̻ n ṉ ṉ̺ ŋ p b p̪ b̪ t̻ d̻ t d k g kʷ gʷ t͡s̻ d͡z̻ t͡s̻ʲ d͡z̻ʲ t͡s d͡z t͡sʲ d͡zʲ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺ t͡ɕ̺ d͡ʑ̺ ɸ β f v s̻ z̻ s̻ʲ z̻ʲ s z sʲ zʲ ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʃ̺ ʒ̺ ɕ̺ ʑ̺ x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ h hʲ] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a front consonant, rounded obstruents become non-front; velar obstruents or nasals other than [ŋ] become coronal palatalised; velar stops become affricates.
• Short non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative voiceless consonants [p t͡s s̻ʲ ...] become voiced [b d͡z z̻ʲ ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
• Back vowels [u o õ] become central [ʉ ɵ ɵ̃] after a front consonant.
• Voiceless stops [p ʈ̻ t͡sʲ ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ ʈ̻ʰ t͡sʲʰ ...] before a glottal fricative.
• Back vowels [u o õ] become central [ʉ ɵ ɵ̃] after a front consonant.
• Nasals [m n nʷ̱ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• [ṉʲ nʲ̱̺ t͡ɕ̺ʰ t͡ɕ̺ d͡ʑ̺] become non-coronal palatal nasals before a palatal nasal. Non-nasal affricates become coronal palatalised affricates.
• Non-front vowels [ʉ ɵ õ ...] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a following semivowel.
• Non-retroflex coronal obstruents or nasals [n̻ t͡s̻ʰ t͡ʃ̺ʷʰ ...] persistently become retroflex [ɳ̻ ʈ͡ʂ̻ʰ ʈ͡ʂʷʰ ...] after a retroflex obstruent or nasal. Palatalised obstruents or nasals become non-front.
• Consonants other than [m ɱ pʰ p b p̪ʰ p̪ b̪ ɸ β f v w̥̃ w̃ w̥ w], i.e. [mʲ ʈ t͡ʃ̺ʷʰ ...], persistently assimilate in rounding to a following rounded consonant and become unrounded word-finally. Before a rounded consonant, front consonants become non-front; labial obstruents or nasals become unrounded; palatal consonants become velar.
• Non-glottal stop unaspirated obstruents [p t͡s̻ʲ s̻ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Obstruents [pʰ kʷ t͡ɕ̺ʰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a semivowel. Before a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Nasals [m n nʷ̱ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
• Unrounded vowels and semivowels [j̥̃ j a ...] become rounded [w̥̃ w ɞ ...] before a rounded semivowel. Semivowels become velar; [a ã] become [ɞ ɞ̃].

Some words

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