Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(j)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant other than /j/
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant other than /j/

Allophony

• Non-pharyngeal consonants [n p ɾ ...] persistently become front [ṉʲ pʲ ɾʲ ...] before a palatal semivowel or word-finally. [n t s] become [ṉʲ t͡ɕ ɕ].
• Unrounded vowels and semivowels [j i e a] become back [ ɯ ɤ ɑ] before a back obstruent or nasal. [j] are deleted.
• Nasals [m n ɲ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• [n t s] persistently become palatoalveolar before an alveopalatal obstruent or nasal except for a non-affricate stop or nasal. [t] become [t͡ʃ̺].
• [a] become [ɑ] before an uvular obstruent or nasal.
• Dorsal obstruents or nasals [ɲ c ç ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following dorsal consonant other than [j]. Before an uvular obstruent or nasal, palatal obstruents or nasals become uvular.
• Back vowels [u o ɯ ...] persistently become central [ʉ ɵ ɨ ...] before a palatal semivowel.
• [j] become [ɥ] before a rounded vowel.
• [t] become [t͡s] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
• [t] become [t͡s] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
• Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [ṉʲ ṉ̺ t͡ɕ t͡ʃ̺] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ ɲ c c] before a palatal obstruent or nasal.
• Obstruents [p q ɕ ...] become nasal [m̥ ɴ̥ ɕ̃ ...] after a nasal. Affricates become non-sibilant coronal nasals.
• Coronal consonants [n̥ t ʃ̺̃ ...] assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before a laminal obstruent or nasal, [ɾʲ] become [ɾ̻].

Some words

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