Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Short non-glottal stop voiced stops [b ḏ g ...] become fricatives [β j ...] between a vowel or resonant and a vowel or semivowel. Non-sibilant coronal stops become resonants; [g] are deleted; [ḏ] become [j]; [ɟ] become [j].
• Coronal consonants other than [ɾ̻], i.e. [n̻ tʰ̱ d͡z̻ ...], assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal fricative. Before [ʃ], [l̻] become [j].
• Nasals [m n̻ ṉ ɲ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Short voiced fricatives [β z̻ ʒ] become resonants [w ɾ̻ j] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel. [β] become [w]; [ʒ] become [j].
• Palatal stops or nasals [ɲ cʰ c ɟ] become alveopalatal [nʲ̱ tʰʲ̱ tʲ̱ dʲ̱] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal.
• Obstruents [b dʲ̱ d͡z̻ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent. Before a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Voiceless obstruents [p tʲ̱ t͡s̻ ...] become ejective [pʼ tʲʼ̱ t͡sʼ̻ ...] before a glottal stop. Aspirated stops become unaspirated; obstruents other than stops become stops; [ɸ] become [p͡fʼ].
• [ɾ̻] persistently become [ɹ̻] before an alveolar approximant.
• Aspirated stops [tʰ̻ tʰʲ̱ kʰ ...] become unaspirated [t̻ tʲ̱ k ...].
• Before an alveolar approximant lateral, non-sibilant coronal stops become non-nasal coronal affricate laterals; obstruent sibilants become non-sibilant coronal coronal obstruent laterals.
• Consonants [m c t͡ɬʲ̱ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective consonants become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated; [p͡fʼ] become [β]. After a voiceless consonant other than [ʔ], nasals become non-nasal.
• Voiceless obstruents [p c t͡ɬ̱ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. Before an obstruent, [p͡fʼ] become [ɸ]. Before an ejective consonant, aspirated stops become unaspirated; obstruents other than stops become stops; [ɸ] become [p͡fʼ].
• Alveopalatal stops or nasals [nʲ̱ tʲʼ̱ t͡ɬʲ̱ ...] persistently become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ cʼ c ...] before a palatal stop or nasal. Affricate laterals become non-lateral.
• Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [ṉ tʲ̱ t͡ɬʰʲ̱ ...] persistently become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ c cʰ ...] before a palatal stop or nasal. Affricate laterals become non-lateral.
• Non-ejective non-nasal consonants [p t͡ɬ̻ s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Non-lateral coronal obstruents other than palatoalveolar affricate sibilants [tʰ̻ tʼ̱ t͡s̻ ...] assimilate in sibilancy to a following coronal fricative. Before a fricative lateral, obstruents other than stops become resonants; [ʃ ʒ] become [j̥ j]. Before a fricative sibilant, non-sibilant coronal stops become affricates.
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-front consonants other than [ɰ̥ ɰ], i.e. [m ʔ t͡ʃ ...], become front [mʲ ʔʲ t͡ɕ ...] after a front consonant except a semivowel. Alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; resonants become non-coronal palatal; non-lateral non-sibilant coronal affricates become sibilants; taps become semivowels; [l̻̥ l̻] become [j̥ j].
• Voiceless stops [p c t͡s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After an obstruent, labiodental affricates become bilabial fricatives. After an ejective consonant, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Non-nasal vowels [i ɨ u a] persistently become nasal [ĩ ɨ̃ ũ ã] before a nasal phone.
• Unrounded high vowels and semivowels [j̥ ɰ̥ ĩ ...] become rounded [ɰ̟̥ w̥ ũ ...] before a rounded semivowel. Vowels become back; front vowels become non-front; palatal semivowels become unrounded velar.
• Consonants [m kʼ t͡ɕʼ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless consonant other than a resonant or pause, nasals become non-nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective consonants become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated; labiodental affricates become bilabial fricatives; [ʔʲ] become [j].
• High semivowels [j̥ ɰ̟̥ ɰ ...] become mid-high [e̯̥ ɘ̯̥ ɤ̯ ...] before a non-high vowel.
• Central vowels and velar or uvular fronted semivowels [ɰ̟̥ ɘ̯̥ ɨ̃ ...] persistently become front [j̥ e̯̥ ĩ ...] after a front consonant.
• Coronal fricatives [ɬ̻ ɬ̱ ʃ ...] assimilate in resonancy and nasality and vibrancy and laterality to a following alveolar resonant. Before an alveolar approximant, non-alveopalatal palatoalveolar fricatives become non-coronal semivowels; non-alveopalatal palatoalveolar fricatives become palatal. Before a resonant, alveopalatal fricatives become non-coronal semivowels. Before a tap, non-alveopalatal palatoalveolar fricatives become alveolar.
• Coronal voiced fricatives [ɮ̻ ɮ̱ ʒ ...] assimilate in resonancy and nasality and vibrancy and laterality to a following alveolar approximant. Before an approximant, alveopalatal fricatives become non-coronal semivowels; [ɮ̱ ʒ] become [j j].
• Back semivowels [ɰ̥ w̥ ɤ̯ ...] become velar or uvular fronted [ɰ̟̥ ɰ̟̥ ɘ̯ ...] before a front semivowel. Rounded semivowels become unrounded.
• Unrounded consonants other than uvular semivowels or [ɲ cʰ c cʼ ɟ j̥ j ɰ̟̥ ɰ̟ ɰ̥ ɰ], i.e. [m g t͡ʃʼ ...], assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a front consonant, alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; resonants become non-coronal dorsal; [t͡θʰ t͡θ t͡θʼ d͡ð] become [t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʼ d͡ʑ]; taps become semivowels; [l̻̥ l̻] become [j̥ j].

Some words

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