Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Alveolar | | Palatoalv. sibilant | | Palatal | | Velar |
| Nasal | | | m | | | n | | | | | | | | | |
| Stop | | p | b | | t | d | | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | | c | ɟ | | k | g |
| Fricative | | | | | s | | | ʃ | | | | | | | |
| Approximant | | | | | | l | | | | | | j | | | ɰ |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| Mid-low | | ɛ | ɛ̃ | œ | œ̃ | | | | | | | | | ɔ | ɔ̃ |
| Low | | | | | | | a | ã | | | | | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: one of /m n p t k s l ɰ/
Allophony
- Central vowels [a ã] persistently become front mid-low [ɛ ɛ̃] after a palatal consonant.
- Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels [ɰ ɔ a ...] become front [j œ ɛ ...] after a palatal consonant. Unrounded vowels become mid-low.
- Velar consonants other than [ɰ], i.e. [k g], become uvular [q ɢ] before a back vowel or a velar or uvular back semivowel.
- Central vowels [a ã] become back [ɑ ɑ̃] after an uvular stop.
- Non-palatal consonants other than uvular consonants or [ɰ], i.e. [m t t͡ʃ ...], become front [mʲ t͡ɕ t͡ɕ ...] before a palatal consonant. Apical consonants other than [l] become alveopalatal laminal; [t d] become [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ]; [l] become [j].
- Non-nasal consonants [p ɟ t͡ɕ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ ɛ œ̃ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a preceding semivowel. After one of [j̥ j], low vowels become mid-low.
- Non-nasal consonants [p q ɕ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
- Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [t d] become affricate sibilants [t͡s d͡z] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
- Before a bilabial stop or nasal, dorsal stops become non-dorsal bilabial stops or nasals; back stops become non-back non-dorsal bilabial stops or nasals.
- Obstruents [p k t͡ɕ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally.
- Short non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative voiceless fricatives [s ʃ ɕ] become voiced [z ʒ ʑ] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
- Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ ɛ ɜ̃ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following high semivowel. Before one of [j̥ j], low vowels become mid-low.
- Coronal consonants [n t͡ʃ ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
- Semivowels [j̥ ɰ̥̟ ɰ̥ ...] become mid-low [ɛ̯̥ ɜ̯̥ ʌ̯̥ ...] after a lax vowel.
- Semivowels [j̥ ɰ̥ ɜ̯̥ ...] assimilate in laxity to a preceding vowel or non-palatoalveolar semivowel. After a lax vowel or semivowel, high semivowels become mid-low.
- Non-pharyngeal non-front consonants other than uvular consonants or [ɰ̥̟ ɰ̟ ɰ̥ ɰ], i.e. [m g z̻ ...], become front [mʲ ɟ ʑ ...] after a front consonant except a semivowel. Non-lateral alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; alveolar apical obstruents or nasals become laminal; approximant laterals become non-lateral non-coronal dorsal; non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants.
- Alveopalatal stops or nasals [nʲ̱ t͡ɕ t͡ɕ̺ ...] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ c c ...] before a palatal stop.
- Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [nʲ̱ d͡ʒ t͡ʃ̺ ...] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ ɟ c ...] before a palatal stop or nasal.
- Stops or nasals other than obstruent sibilants [m p d ...] are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and a stop or nasal.
- Non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative non-nasal approximants [l̥̻ ɰ̟ ɘ̯̥ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
Some words
| /t͡ʃœʃœt/ | [t͡ʃœʒœt] |
| /paɔ/ | [paɔ] |
| /sɔkɛ/ | [sɔkɛ] |
| /nɛtɔ/ | [nɛtɔ] |
| /ɛ̃kjap/ | [ɛ̃cj̥ɛp] |
| /kœlœ/ | [kœlœ] |
| /sancã/ | [saɲɟɛ̃] |
| /ɔbœ/ | [ɔbœ] |
| /caknɛs/ | [cɛgnɛs] |
| /jɔpa/ | [jœpa] |
| /mɛɰɛ/ | [mɜʌ̯ɜ] |
| /sa/ | [sa] |
| /akɔ/ | [aqɔ] |
| /pɛ̃stɛ/ | [pɛ̃stɛ] |
| /kɛcɛ̃s/ | [kɛcɛ̃s] |
| /apɔ/ | [apɔ] |
| /tɛpt͡ʃɛ/ | [tɛpt͡ʃɛ] |
| /jɔ̃kɔ̃k/ | [jœ̃qɔ̃k] |
| /tœljɔl/ | [tœɛ̯ɛ̯œl] |
| /sœtœ̃t/ | [sœtœ̃t] |
| /sɔ̃ɛp/ | [sɔ̃ɛp] |
| /ɛ̃t͡ʃɔ̃/ | [ɛ̃t͡ʃɔ̃] |
| /sɔt͡ʃœs/ | [sɔt͡ʃœs] |
| /t͡ʃɛ̃skɛt/ | [t͡ʃɛ̃skɛt] |
| /d͡ʒɛ̃cɔ/ | [d͡ʒɛ̃cœ] |
| /ʃɔtɛ/ | [ʃɔtɛ] |
| /pɛtpɔ/ | [pɛtpɔ] |
| /kɔpɛs/ | [qɔpɛs] |
| /t͡ʃɔt͡ʃɔ/ | [t͡ʃɔt͡ʃɔ] |
| /mɛsnãs/ | [mɛznãs] |
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