Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant other than an affricate (/t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/) or one of /s̻ z̻ ʎ/ (/s̻ z̻ ʎ/)

Allophony

• Alveolar stops or nasals [n̻ t̻ʰ t̻ d̻] are persistently deleted between a stop and a stop or nasal.
• Nasals [m n̻ ɲ] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following non-lateral obstruent or nasal.
• Vowels and dorsal consonants other than [u], i.e. [ɲ kʰ ʎ ...], become rounded [ŋʷ kʰʷ ʟʷ ...] before a bilabial obstruent or nasal. Front vowels and palatal consonants become back; [a] become [ɒ].
• Stops [pʰ d̻ kʷ ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Consonants [m t̻ t͡ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding non-lateral obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; [ṉ] become [t͡ʃ].
• Coronal voiced consonants other than [l̻], i.e. [n̻ d̤̻ d͡ʒ ...], become non-nasal approximant laterals [l̻ l̤̻ ʎ ...] after an alveolar approximant. Palatoalveolar obstruents or nasals become non-coronal palatal.
• Unrounded non-bilabial consonants [n̻ kʰ z̻ ...] become rounded [n̻ʷ kʰʷ z̻ʷ ...] after a rounded consonant. Palatal consonants become velar.
• Non-pharyngeal consonants other than velar rounded consonants [m d̤̻ʷ s̻ ...] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant.
• Obstruents [pʰ cʰ d͡ʑ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ d̤̻ʷʲ z̻ʲ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal consonant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal, non-affricate stops become affricate sibilants; approximant laterals become non-coronal palatal or velar; [l̻ʷ̥ʲ l̤̻ʷʲ l̻ʷʲ] become [ʟʷ̥ ʟ̤ʷ ʟʷ]; [l̻̥ l̤̻ l̻] become [ʎ̥ ʎ̤ ʎ]; [l̻ʷ̥ l̤̻ʷ l̻ʷ] become [ʟʷ̥ ʟ̤ʷ ʟʷ].
• [i] become [ɨ] before a non-front consonant.
• Bilabial obstruents or nasals [m b̤ bʲ ...] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a palatal or velar stop or nasal, palatalised obstruents or nasals become non-velar non-palatal or velar.
• Alveopalatal stops or nasals [ṉʲ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰʷ ...] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ c kʰʷ ...] before a palatal stop or nasal. Rounded stops or nasals become velar.
• Voiced vowels [i ɨ a ...] become breathy-voiced [i̤ ɨ̤ a̤ ...] before a breathy-voiced consonant.
• Consonants [m ɟ d͡ʑʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; breathy-voiced approximant laterals become unaspirated; palatoalveolar nasals become affricate sibilants.
• After an obstruent, bilabial fricatives become non-bilabial velar rounded approximants; [ɸʲ βʲ] become [w̥ w].

Some words

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