Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Palatalised labial | | Alveolar | | Alveolar lateral | | Palatalised alveolar | | Palatalised alveolar lateral | | Palatalised alveopal. sibilant / palatal | | Velar | | Glottal |
| Nasal | | | m | | | mʲ | | | n | | | | | | nʲ | | | | | | ɲ | | | ŋ | | | |
| Stop | | p | b | | pʲ | bʲ | | t | d | | | | | tʲ | dʲ | | | | | t͡ɕ | d͡ʑ | | k | g | | | |
| Fricative | | f | | | fʲ | | | s | | | | | | sʲ | | | | | | ɕ | | | | | | h | |
| Resonant | | | | | | | | | ɾ | | | l | | | ɹʲ | | | lʲ | | | j | | | w | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | | | | | | | | ɯ | | u | |
| Mid-high | | e | ẽ | | | | | | | | | ɤ | ɤ̃ | o | õ |
| Low | | | | | | | a | ã | | | | | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)(C2)V(C3)
C1: one of /m n ŋ k f s h l w/
C2: a consonant
V: a vowel
C3: a consonant
Allophony
- Alveolar resonants [ɾ l ɹʲ lʲ] persistently assimilate in vibrancy to a following apical resonant. Before [ɾ], approximant laterals become non-lateral.
- [ɾʲ] persistently become [ɾ].
- Non-pharyngeal non-palatal or velar consonants other than [ɾ], i.e. [m t s ...], persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a front consonant, [h] become [j̥].
- Stops [p t g ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally.
- Unrounded back vowels [ɯ ɤ ɤ̃] become central [ɨ ɘ ɘ̃] before a front consonant.
- [g] become [x] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel.
- Consonants other than fricatives [m t h ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, [h] are deleted. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal.
- Coronal consonants [n t͡ɕ ɾʲ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
- Coronal consonants [n̻ d͡ʒ̺ ɾ̥ʲ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
- Non-low central vowels [ɨ ɘ ɘ̃] become front [i e ẽ] after a front consonant.
- [w̥ w ɨ ɯ ɘ ɘ̃ ɤ ɤ̃] become front before a front consonant. Semivowels become unrounded.
- Stops or nasals other than palatoalveolar obstruents [m ŋ d̻ʲ ...] become non-affricate and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Coronal obstruents or nasals [n̻ d t͡ɕ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal obstruent or nasal.
- Voiceless stops [p tʲ t͡s̻ ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʰʲ t͡s̻ʰ ...] after a glottal fricative.
- Unrounded non-front non-labial consonants [n̻ ḏ̺ s ...] become rounded [n̻ʷ dʷ̱̺ sʷ ...] before a high rounded vowel or semivowel. [h] become [w̥].
- Unrounded back vowels [ɯ ɤ ɤ̃] become central [ɨ ɘ ɘ̃] before a palatal semivowel.
- [m mʲ ɱ ɱʲ n̻ n̻ʷ n̻ʲ n nʷ nʲ ṉ ṉʷ ṉʲ ṉ̺ nʷ̱̺ nʲ̱̺ ɲ ŋ ŋʷ p b pʲ bʲ p̪ b̪ p̪ʲ b̪ʲ t̻ d̻ t̻ʷ d̻ʷ t̻ʲ d̻ʲ t d tʷ dʷ tʲ dʲ ṯ ḏ ṯʷ ḏʷ ṯʲ ḏʲ ṯ̺ ḏ̺ tʷ̱̺ dʷ̱̺ tʲ̱̺ dʲ̱̺ c ɟ k g kʷ gʷ t͡s̻ d͡z̻ t͡s̻ʷ d͡z̻ʷ t͡s̻ʲ d͡z̻ʲ t͡s d͡z t͡sʷ d͡zʷ t͡sʲ d͡zʲ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ʃʷ d͡ʒʷ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺ t͡ʃ̺ʷ d͡ʒ̺ʷ t͡ɕ̺ d͡ʑ̺ h ɾ̻̥ ɾ̻ ɾ̻ʷ̥ ɾ̻ʷ ɾ̻̥ʲ ɾ̻ʲ ɾ̥ ɾ ɾʷ̥ ɾʷ ɾ̥ʲ ɾʲ ɹ̻̥ ɹ̻ ɹ̻ʷ̥ ɹ̻ʷ l̻̥ l̻ l̻ʷ̥ l̻ʷ ɹ̻̥ʲ ɹ̻ʲ l̻̥ʲ l̻ʲ ɹ̥ ɹ ɹʷ̥ ɹʷ l̥ l lʷ̥ lʷ ɹ̥ʲ ɹʲ l̥ʲ lʲ j̥ j w̥ w] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal. Before a voiced stop or nasal, [h] are deleted.
- After an obstruent, [f fʲ] become [w̥ w̥].
- High tense semivowels [j̥ j w̥ w] become mid-high [e̯̥ e̯ o̯̥ o̯] after a non-high vowel.
- Palatal stops or nasals [ɲ cʰ c ɟ] become alveopalatal [ṉʲ ṯʰʲ ṯʲ ḏʲ] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal.
- Tense vowels and semivowels other than rounded vowels [j̥ e̯ e ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following mid-high semivowel. Before one of [o̯̥ o̯], front semivowels become glottal fricatives. Before one of [e̯̥ e̯], velar or uvular semivowels become unrounded.
- Unrounded non-front vowels [ɨ ɘ ɤ̃ ...] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a following mid-high semivowel.
- Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [ṉ ḏʲ t͡ʃʷ ...] persistently become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ ɟ c ...] before a palatal stop or nasal. Rounded stops or nasals become unrounded.
- Before a mid-high semivowel, mid-high vowels become low lax; [e ẽ] become [a ã].
- Before a mid-high semivowel, mid-high vowels become low lax; [e ẽ] become [a ã].
- Nasals [m n̻ʲ ṉʲ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
- Unrounded non-front non-labial consonants [n̻ ḏ̺ s ...] become rounded [n̻ʷ dʷ̱̺ sʷ ...] before a rounded consonant. [h] become [w̥].
- Stops [pʰ ṯ d͡z̻ʷ ...] assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than a resonant and become unaspirated word-finally. Before an aspirated consonant, voiced stops become voiceless.
Some words
| /dasta/ | [dasta] |
| /fʲadɯd͡ʑ/ | [fʲadit͡ɕ] |
| /tʲast͡ɕad/ | [tʲaɕt͡ɕat] |
| /ŋed/ | [ŋet] |
| /d͡ʑeŋ/ | [d͡ʑeŋ] |
| /dej/ | [dae̯] |
| /jibaw/ | [jibɑo̯] |
| /degek/ | [dexek] |
| /t͡ɕagɹʲak/ | [t͡ɕagɹʲak] |
| /ɕɯk/ | [ɕɯk] |
| /t͡ɕãdpap/ | [t͡ɕãppap] |
| /dosʲã/ | [dosʲã] |
| /d͡ʑag/ | [d͡ʑak] |
| /gãfʲilʲ/ | [gãfʲilʲ] |
| /fʲã/ | [fʲã] |
| /t͡ɕit͡ɕi/ | [t͡ɕit͡ɕi] |
| /jad͡ʑdʲab/ | [jad͡zʲdʲap] |
| /ɕi/ | [ɕi] |
| /fʲeg/ | [fʲek] |
| /d͡ʑe/ | [d͡ʑe] |
| /dʲa/ | [dʲa] |
| /feɕfet/ | [feʃʷw̥et] |
| /kigto/ | [kitto] |
| /suŋ/ | [sʷuŋ] |
| /he/ | [he] |
| /ke/ | [ke] |
| /pedẽ/ | [pedẽ] |
| /gẽŋat͡ɕ/ | [gẽŋat͡ɕ] |
| /t͡ɕãɕ/ | [t͡ɕãɕ] |
| /ɕɤtʲkɯd/ | [ɕɤkkɯt] |
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