Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)(C₃)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a voiced consonant other than a stop or a fricative sibilant; i.e. one of /m n ṉ v r j w/
C₃: a consonant other than /b d ḏ g z ʒ/

Allophony

• Non-nasal vowels [i u o ...] become nasal [ĩ ũ õ ...] before a nasal phone.
• Voiceless obstruents [pʰ tʰ̱ f ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a following obstruent. Before an ejective obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Non-back vowels [i e a ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a preceding consonant. After [j], lax vowels become non-low.
• Non-ejective unaspirated obstruents [p ṯ v ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Non-ejective voiceless stops [pʰ tʰ ṯ ...] assimilate in aspiration to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
• Labial obstruents or nasals [m p f ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• Central vowels [ɨ ɘ a ...] become front [i e ɛ ...] after a palatal semivowel. Lax vowels become non-low.
• Central vowels [ɨ ɘ a ...] become front [i e ɛ ...] after a palatal semivowel. Lax vowels become non-low.
• Non-nasal vowels [i u o ...] become nasal [ĩ ũ õ ...] after a nasal vowel.
• Short voiced fricatives [β v z ʒ] persistently become resonants [β̞ ʋ r r] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel. [ʒ] become [r].
• Coronal consonants [n d sʼ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before an apical consonant, palatoalveolar obstruents or nasals become retroflex.
• Consonants other than [j w], i.e. [m tʰ f ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals are deleted. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective obstruents become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Front vowels [i e ɛ ...] become central [ɨ ɘ ɜ ...] before a velar semivowel.
• Non-back vowels [i e ɛ̃ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following one of [j w]. Before [j], low vowels become non-low.
• Front vowels [i e ɛ ...] become non-front [ɨ ɘ ɜ ...] after a retroflex obstruent or nasal.
• Consonants [m tʼ s̻ʼ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals are deleted. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective obstruents become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Aspirated stops [pʰ tʰ̻ ʈʰ ...] persistently become unaspirated [p t̻ ʈ ...].
• Voiceless obstruents [pʰ tʼ ɸʼ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding obstruent. After an ejective obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Front vowels [i e ɛ ...] persistently become non-front [ɨ ɘ ɜ ...] before a retroflex obstruent or nasal.
• Non-retroflex coronal consonants other than [r̥ r], i.e. [n̻ t z̻ ...], persistently become retroflex [ɳ̻ ʈ ʐ̻ ...] after a retroflex obstruent or nasal. Trills become non-retroflex alveolar; trills become apical.
• Coronal consonants other than [r̥ r], i.e. [n̻ ʈ̻ s ...], assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following fricative sibilant. Before a postalveolar fricative sibilant, trills become non-retroflex alveolar; trills become apical. Before one of [ʃ ʃʼ ʒ], alveolar apical obstruents or nasals become retroflex.
• Nasals [m n̻ ɳ̻ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Consonants [m ʈʰ̻ z̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective obstruents become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals are deleted.

Some words

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