Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial-velar | | Labial | | Laminal alveolar | | Laminal alveolar sibilant | | Pal. / vel. | | Rounded velar | | Rounded velar lateral |
| Nasal | | | | | | | | | m | | | | | n̻ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Stop | | k͡p | k͡pʼ | g͡b | | | p | pʼ | b | ɓ̰ | | t̻ | t̻ʼ | d̻ | ɗ̻̰ | | t͡s̻ | t͡s̻ʼ | d͡z̻ | | | k | kʼ | g | | | kʷ | kʼʷ | | | | | | | |
| Fricative | | | | | | | f | | v | | | | | | | | s̻ | | z̻ | | | x | | ɣ | | | xʷ | | | | | | | | |
| Resonant | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ɾ̻ | | | | | | | | | | j | | | | | w | | | | | ʟʷ | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | y | | | | | | u |
| Mid-low | | ɛ | œ | | | | | | ɔ |
| Low | | | | | a | | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: a consonant
Allophony
- Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels other than [a], i.e. [j i ɛ ...], become central [w̟ ɨ ɜ ...] after a non-palatal consonant. [j] become [w̟].
- [n̻] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Consonants [ŋ͡m t̻ d͡z̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective stops become non-glottalised. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals become non-nasal; implosives become non-implosive.
- [g͡b b d̻ g gʷ ɓ̰ ɗ̻̰ d͡z̻ f v s̻ z̻ x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ] become nasals after a nasal. Voiceless fricatives become stops; obstruents other than stops become nasals; implosives become non-glottalised; labiodental fricatives become bilabial; [d͡z̻] become [n̻]; [z̻] become [n̻].
- Persistently before a non-nasal alveolar fricative, non-sibilant coronal stops or nasals other than [n̻] become non-nasal alveolar affricate sibilants; [ɗ̻̰] become [d͡z̻].
- Labial obstruents or nasals [ŋ͡m k͡pʼ b ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
- Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ i ɛ ...] persistently become central [w̥̟ ɨ ɜ ...] before a velar semivowel. Semivowels become rounded.
- Obstruents [k͡p t̻ t͡s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, implosives become non-implosive. Before a voiced obstruent, non-implosive ejective stops become non-glottalised.
- Consonants [ŋ͡m b̪ f ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; implosives become non-implosive. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, non-implosive ejective stops become non-glottalised.
- Non-pharyngeal non-palatal consonants other than taps or rounded semivowels [ŋ͡m b ɗ̻̰ ...] become front [ɲ͡m bʲ ɗ̻̰ʲ ...] before a palatal semivowel. Velar obstruents other than labiodental obstruents or nasals become non-front; rounded consonants become unrounded; [k͡p̪ k͡p̪ʼ g͡b̪] become [k͡p̟ k͡p̟ʼ g͡b̟].
- Vowels [i ʉ ɜ ...] become nasal [ĩ ʉ̃ ɜ̃ ...] before a nasal.
Some words
| /s̻yxz̻i/ | [s̻ʉɣz̻ɨ] |
| /kʷɔd͡z̻a/ | [kʷɔd͡z̻a] |
| /t͡s̻akɛ/ | [t͡s̻akɜ] |
| /ɔxt̻ɔ/ | [ɔxt̻ɔ] |
| /it̻ɛ/ | [it̻ɜ] |
| /pud͡z̻ɛ/ | [pud͡z̻ɜ] |
| /ɗ̻̰œd͡z̻a/ | [ɗ̻̰ɞd͡z̻a] |
| /wu/ | [wu] |
| /g͡bɛu/ | [g͡bɜu] |
| /pid͡z̻a/ | [pɨd͡z̻a] |
| /kaz̻t̻ad̻/ | [kas̻t̻at̻] |
| /t͡s̻ɛd͡z̻ɛt̻ʼ/ | [t͡s̻ɜd͡z̻ɜt̻ʼ] |
| /ɾ̻œz̻ɔw/ | [ɾ̻ɞz̻ɔw̥] |
| /kad̻aw/ | [kad̻aw̥] |
| /t͡s̻at͡s̻ʼz̻ad͡z̻/ | [t͡s̻ad͡z̻z̻at͡s̻] |
| /d͡z̻uga/ | [d͡z̻uga] |
| /ags̻yɣ/ | [aks̻ʉx] |
| /wɛxɓ̰a/ | [wɜɣɓ̰a] |
| /pʼœɾ̻vaɾ̻/ | [pʼɞɾ̻vaɾ̻̥] |
| /bɛɣɛw/ | [bɜɣɜw̥] |
| /bu/ | [bu] |
| /ɣœk͡pɔ/ | [ɣɞk͡pɔ] |
| /vaɾ̻/ | [vaɾ̻̥] |
| /wy/ | [wʉ] |
| /s̻aɓ̰bi/ | [s̻aɓ̰bɨ] |
| /ɛwɛ/ | [ɜwɜ] |
| /vɔt͡s̻ʼa/ | [vɔt͡s̻ʼa] |
| /wɔɓ̰a/ | [wɔɓ̰a] |
| /uk/ | [uk] |
| /t͡s̻ʼaɣkak/ | [t͡s̻ʼaxkak] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 7332094945.