Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Alveolar | | Velar | | Glottal |
Nasal | | | m̥ | m | | | n̥ | n | | | ŋ̥ | ŋ | | | | |
Stop | | pʰ | p | | | tʰ | t | | | kʰ | k | | | | ʔ | |
Fricative | | | f | | | | s | | | | | | | h | | |
Resonant | | | β̞̥ | β̞ | | | ɾ̥ | ɾ | | | w̥ | w | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
High | | i | | | | | | u | |
Mid-low | | ɛ | ɛ̃ | | | | | ɔ | ɔ̃ |
Low | | | | | a | ã | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)(C3)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: a consonant
C3: a consonant other than a voiceless resonant (/ɾ̥ β̞̥ w̥/)
Allophony
- Consonants [m̥ p s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [ʔ] are deleted.
- Unaspirated stops [p t k ...] become ejective [pʼ tʼ kʼ ...] before a glottal stop. Voiced stops become ejective.
- Before a labial consonant, alveolar obstruents or nasals become non-alveolar obstruents or nasals.
- Non-ejective obstruents [pʰ t g ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
- Non-pharyngeal alveolar consonants [n̥ t s ...] become palatalised [n̥ʲ tʲ sʲ ...] before a non-low front vowel.
- Consonants other than [pʼ tʼ kʼ], i.e. [m̥ t s ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; ejective consonants become non-ejective.
- Nasals [m̥ n̥ nʲ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
- Non-nasal vowels and semivowels [w̥ i ɛ ...] become nasal [ŋ̥ʷ ɲ̩ ɛ̃ ...] before a nasal phone. Tense vowels and semivowels become .
- Front vowels [i ɛ ɛ̃] become central [ɨ ɜ ɜ̃] before a velar semivowel.
- Non-low central vowels [ɨ ɜ ɜ̃] become front [i ɛ ɛ̃] after a palatalised consonant.
- Vowels and stops or nasals [m̥ ŋ̥ʷ tʰʲ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop and a stop.
- Non-back non-low vowels [i ɛ ɜ ...] assimilate in frontness to a following consonant.
- [ŋ̥ʷ ŋʷ] become [ŋ̥ ŋ] before a rounded consonant or word-finally.
- Non-pharyngeal non-velar consonants [m̥ b v ...] persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant.
- Low vowels [a ã] become non-low [ɜ ɜ̃] before a nasal.
- Unaspirated voiceless stops [p pʼʲ tʲ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant.
- Non-sibilant coronal alveolar nasals [n̥ n n̥ʲ nʲ] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- High semivowels [w̥ w] persistently become mid-high [o̥̯ o̯] after a non-high vowel.
- Alveolar stops [tʰ tʼ tʲ ...] persistently become affricate sibilants [t͡sʰ t͡sʼ t͡sʲ ...] before a non-nasal alveolar fricative.
- Aspirated stops [pʰ tʰ kʰ ...] become unaspirated [p t k ...].
- Non-ejective consonants [m̥ pʰʲ fʲ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent. After a voiced obstruent, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [hʲ] become [j].
- Mid-high semivowels [o̥̯ o̯] become palatal or velar [w̥ w] after a high vowel or semivowel.
Some words
/w̥apβ̞uhh/ | [w̥apβ̞̥uhh] |
/pɛfa/ | [pɜfa] |
/pupɛh/ | [pupɜh] |
/tɛku/ | [tʲɜku] |
/ɔʔan/ | [ɔʔɜ̃n̥] |
/kɔ/ | [kɔ] |
/w̥afw̥ɛks/ | [w̥afw̥ɜks] |
/wam̥ɛn/ | [ŋʷɜ̃m̥ɜ̃n̥] |
/ŋɔhksah/ | [ŋɔhksah] |
/ŋɛh/ | [ŋɜh] |
/tuha/ | [tuha] |
/tɔnʔɔ/ | [tɔ̃n̥ʔɔ] |
/sɔh/ | [sɔh] |
/nɔwa/ | [nɔo̯a] |
/wɔβ̞ɛ/ | [wɔβ̞ɛ] |
/tʰus/ | [tʰus] |
/hif/ | [hɨf] |
/watʰtʰah/ | [wattʰah] |
/kaβ̞a/ | [kaβ̞a] |
/β̞afkʰɔf/ | [β̞afkʰɔf] |
/fɔfɔ/ | [fɔfɔ] |
/tãhɔh/ | [tãhɔh] |
/ʔuŋŋa/ | [ʔŋ̩ʷŋŋa] |
/ŋ̥uhŋah/ | [ŋ̥ŋ̩ʷŋah] |
/hitʰ/ | [hɨtʰ] |
/tʰah/ | [tʰah] |
/w̥ɔaf/ | [w̥ɔaf] |
/kɔŋhu/ | [kɔ̃ŋ̥hu] |
/katwuh/ | [katw̥uh] |
/kʰaŋɔf/ | [kʰɜ̃ŋɔf] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 14569845915.