Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)(R)V

C: a consonant
R: a resonant other than /ʋʲ/; i.e. one of /ɾ l͡ʋ ʋ l j ɰ w/
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Back vowels and semivowels [ɰ w u ɔ] become central [ɰ̟ ɰ̟ ɨ ɜ] before a palatal semivowel. Vowels and semivowels other than [ɰ] become unrounded.
• [ɛ ɜ ɔ] become tense after a high semivowel.
• Unrounded non-labial consonants other than [j ɰ̟], i.e. [n c ç ...], persistently become rounded [nʷ kʷ xʷ ...] before a rounded consonant. Palatal obstruents or nasals become velar.
• High tense semivowels [j ɰ̟ ɰ w] become mid-high [e̯ ɘ̯ ɤ̯ o̯] before a non-high vowel.
• Semivowels [j ɰ ɘ̯ ...] assimilate in uvularity to a following vowel or semivowel.
• Consonants other than resonants [n͡m p k ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; glottal fricatives become unrounded non-glottal fricative dorsal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals are deleted.
• Mid-high semivowels other than [e̯], i.e. [ɘ̯ ɤ̯ o̯], become low lax [a̯ ɑ̯ ɒ̯] after a low vowel.
• Non-nasal consonants other than resonants [t͡p tʷ d͡z ...] assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop, fricatives become stops; sonorants become unrounded non-glottal fricative dorsal.
• Vowels and semivowels [j ɤ̯ e ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a preceding uvular semivowel. After [e̯], low vowels and semivowels become non-low; rounded vowels become unrounded; rounded semivowels become unrounded velar or uvular.
• Consonants other than resonants [n͡m b gʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiceless consonant, nasals are deleted. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; glottal fricatives become unrounded non-glottal fricative dorsal.
• Non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative obstruents [t͡p tʷ t͡s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced stop, obstruents other than stops become stops.
• Back vowels and semivowels [ɰ ɑ̯ u ...] become central [ɰ̟ a̯ ɨ ...] before a front consonant. Rounded vowels and semivowels become unrounded.
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-front consonants other than uvular semivowels or [ɰ̟ ɰ], i.e. [n͡m b s ...], become front [n͡mʲ bʲ sʲ ...] after a front consonant except a semivowel.
• Non-near-high vowels and uvular semivowels [e̯ ɤ̯ ɘ ...] become nasal [ẽ̯ ɤ̯̃ ɘ̃ ...] before a nasal.
• Non-labial alveolar resonants [ɾ ɾʲ lʷ ...] persistently assimilate in vibrancy to a following alveolar resonant. Before an approximant lateral, taps become non-alveolar semivowels; [ɾʷ] become [ɰ̟].
• Nasals [n͡m mʲ nʲ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops or nasals [n͡m t͡p d ...] are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and a stop or nasal.
• Non-low vowels and semivowels [ẽ̯ e̯ ẽ ...] assimilate in highness or uvularity to a following semivowel. Before a high tense semivowel, nasal vowels and semivowels become non-nasal.
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded velar obstruents or nasals [ŋ k g x] become front [ɲ c ɟ ç] before a front vowel or semivowel.
• Obstruents or nasals other than non-alveolar bilabial stops or nasals [n͡m t t͡s ...] assimilate in labiality and labiodentality to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a bilabial stop or nasal, non-alveolar obstruents or nasals become non-dorsal; rounded obstruents or nasals become unrounded; velar obstruents or nasals become non-back; affricates become labiodental fricatives.

Some words

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