Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(C₂)V(C₃)

C₁: a consonant other than a stop; i.e. one of /m n s ɾ j/
C₂: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₃: a consonant

Allophony

• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j i ɛ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a consonant other than [j], [j] are deleted. Before [j], [a] become [ɛ].
• Consonants [m b g ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals are deleted. After a voiced stop or nasal, [s] become [d͡z].
• Non-front rounded vowels [u ɔ] become unrounded central [ɨ ɜ] before a semivowel.
• Back vowels [u ɔ] become unrounded central [ɨ ɜ] after a palatal semivowel.
• Nasals [m n] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal. Word-finally, nasals are deleted.
• Non-pharyngeal non-palatal or velar consonants [m b d͡z ...] persistently become front [mʲ bʲ d͡zʲ ...] before a palatal semivowel.
• Obstruents [p t g ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent. After a voiced stop, obstruents other than stops become stops.
• Non-front rounded vowels [u ɔ] become unrounded central [ɨ ɜ] after a semivowel.
• Vowels [i u ɜ ...] become nasal [ĩ ũ ɜ̃ ...] before a nasal.
• Obstruents [p d t͡s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop, obstruents other than stops become stops.
• Consonants [m t d͡zʲ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals other than [nʲ] become non-nasal non-bilabial voiced semivowels; [nʲ] become [j]. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals.
• Velar stops or nasals [ŋ k g] become non-velar non-palatal or velar bilabial [m p b] before a bilabial stop or nasal.

Some words

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