Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Alveolar | | Palatoalv. / palatal | | Velar | | Rounded velar | | Glottal |
| Nasal | | | m | | | n | | | ɲ | | | ŋ | | | ŋʷ | | | |
| Stop | | p | b | | t | d | | ṯ | ḏ | | k | g | | kʷ | gʷ | | | |
| Fricative | | f | | | s | | | ʃ | | | x | | | xʷ | | | h | |
| Resonant | | | | | | ɾ | | | j | | | | | | w | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | | | | u | |
| Mid-high | | e | ẽ | | | | | o | õ |
| Low | | | | | a | ã | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: a consonant
Allophony
- Back vowels [u o õ] become unrounded central [ɨ ɘ ɘ̃] before a palatal consonant.
- Coronal stops [t d ṯ ḏ] become affricate sibilants [t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
- Coronal consonants other than [ɾ], i.e. [n ṯ t͡ʃ ...], assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a preceding coronal consonant.
- Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j e ɘ̃ ...] persistently assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following semivowel. Before [w], [j] are deleted.
- Consonants [m ḏ t͡ʃ̺ ...] assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced stop or nasal, [h] are deleted. Before a voiceless consonant, nasals become non-nasal.
- Nasals [m ṉ̺ ŋ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
- Nasals [m n ɲ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Coronal consonants other than [ɾ], i.e. [n̻ ḏ d͡ʒ̺ ...], persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent sibilant, [ɾ̥] become [j̥].
- Central vowels [ɨ ɘ a ...] become front [i e æ ...] before a palatal consonant.
- Nasals [m n ɲ ...] assimilate in resonancy and nasality to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a semivowel. After [h], [ɱ] become [b]. After a tap, palatoalveolar nasals become non-coronal palatal semivowels; labial nasals become non-labial velar rounded semivowels; [ŋ] are deleted.
- Non-palatal or velar obstruents or nasals [m t t͡ʃ̺ ...] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a palatal or velar obstruent or nasal, affricates become fricatives.
- Coronal consonants [ɲ͡n̻ g͡ḏ ɣ͡z̻ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
- Consonants other than [w̥ w], i.e. [ɲ͡m ɟ͡d vʲ ...], assimilate in rounding to a following consonant. Before a rounded consonant, front consonants become velar; labial obstruents or nasals become non-labial; non-palatal or velar labiodental obstruents or nasals become velar; non-front non-palatal or velar labiodental obstruents or nasals become velar; non-palatal or velar bilabial stops or nasals become velar; [h] become [w̥].
- Back vowels [u o õ] become unrounded central [ɨ ɘ ɘ̃] before a palatal semivowel.
- Voiceless stops [c͡p k͡ṯʷ ṯ̺ʷ ...] become aspirated [c͡pʰ k͡ṯʰʷ ṯ̺ʰʷ ...] before a glottal fricative.
- Consonants [ɲ͡m k͡ṯʰʷ d͡ʒ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal.
- Consonants [ɲ͡m k͡ṯ t͡ʃ̺ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated.
Some words
| /tãpã/ | [tãpã] |
| /ŋãsẽ/ | [ŋãsẽ] |
| /sãkʷi/ | [sãkʷi] |
| /sãsa/ | [sãsa] |
| /xagʷka/ | [xakka] |
| /ŋõfã/ | [ŋõfã] |
| /haku/ | [haku] |
| /fipa/ | [fipa] |
| /ŋẽhid/ | [ŋẽhid] |
| /ki/ | [ki] |
| /xʷeʃ/ | [xʷeʃ] |
| /xʷixe/ | [xʷixe] |
| /kʷapa/ | [kʷapa] |
| /mukʷã/ | [mukʷã] |
| /atud/ | [atud] |
| /ŋihã/ | [ŋihã] |
| /tẽŋã/ | [tẽŋã] |
| /kʷoṯẽ/ | [kʷoṯẽ] |
| /kãfẽŋa/ | [kãfẽŋa] |
| /kãgɾoḏ/ | [kãgɾoḏ] |
| /fexẽ/ | [fexẽ] |
| /pokʷa/ | [pokʷa] |
| /ŋʷako/ | [ŋʷako] |
| /po/ | [po] |
| /ʃaŋʷfõ/ | [ʃakfõ] |
| /kʷaã/ | [kʷaã] |
| /faŋʷẽ/ | [faŋʷẽ] |
| /tãfa/ | [tãfa] |
| /seha/ | [seha] |
| /sixʷẽ/ | [sixʷẽ] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 85761419327.