Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(R)(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
R: a voiced sonorant; i.e. one of /m n j w/
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Mid-high vowels [e o] persistently become high [i u] before a semivowel.
• Before a non-retroflexed coronal obstruent or nasal, rounded vowels become non-back unrounded; [w] are deleted.
• Coronal obstruents or nasals [n d d͡ʑ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before an alveopalatal obstruent, alveolar obstruents or nasals become retroflex; [tʰ t d] become [ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ].
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [p c t͡s̻ʲ ...] become aspirated [pʰ cʰ t͡s̻ʰʲ ...] after an aspirated consonant.
• Coronal obstruents or nasals [n t͡s̻ʲ t͡ɕ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal obstruent or nasal. Before an apical obstruent or nasal, [t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ] are deleted; [ɕ] become [h].
• [p b t̻ d̻ t d c k t͡s̻ʲ d͡z̻ʲ t͡sʲ d͡zʲ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ɖ͡ʐ̻ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ f] become ejective before a glottal stop. [f] become [h]; voiced stops become ejective; bilabial stops become glottal stops.
• Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [t̻ʰ t̻ʼ t ...] become affricate sibilants [t͡s̻ʰ t͡s̻ʼ t͡s ...] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
• Obstruents other than [t̻ʼ tʼ t͡s̻ʼʲ t͡sʼʲ ʈ͡ʂʼ̻ ʈ͡ʂʼ t͡ɕʼ], i.e. [pʰ t͡s̻ʰ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a semivowel. After a voiced stop, aspirated stops become unaspirated; ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Consonants other than [t̻ʼ tʼ t͡s̻ʼʲ t͡sʼʲ ʈ͡ʂʼ̻ ʈ͡ʂʼ t͡ɕʼ], i.e. [m g t͡ɕʰ ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a semivowel. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; ejective consonants become non-ejective. Before a voiceless consonant, nasals become non-nasal.
• Vowels [i u ɘ ...] persistently become nasal [ĩ ũ ɘ̃ ...] before a nasal.
• Consonants other than semivowels or palatal stops [m ʔ ʈ͡ʂʼ ...] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a front consonant, retroflex obstruents or nasals other than [ʂ̻ ʂ] become non-retroflex non-coronal velar; [ʂ̻ ʂ] become [h h].
• Voiceless stops [pʰ ʈ̻ t͡s ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than a semivowel. Before an aspirated consonant, ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [p ʈ t͡sʼ ...] become aspirated [pʰ ʈʰ t͡sʰ ...] before a glottal fricative. Ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Short non-nasal voiced consonants [b d͡z̻ʲ z̻ ...] become voiceless [p t͡s̻ʲ s̻ ...] before a voiceless glottal fricative.
• Alveopalatal affricates [t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʼ d͡ʑ] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [cʰ c cʼ ɟ] before a palatal stop.
• Consonants other than [t̻ʼ tʼ t͡s̻ʼʲ t͡sʼʲ ʈ͡ʂʼ̻ ʈ͡ʂʼ t͡ɕʼ], i.e. [m ʈ t͡ʃʰ ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; ejective consonants become non-ejective; [ʔʲ hʲ] become [j j]. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal.
• Semivowels [j̥ j w̥ w] become mid-low [ɛ̥̯ ɛ̯ ɔ̥̯ ɔ̯] before a lax vowel.
• [hʲ] persistently become [h] before a non-labial non-coronal stop.
• Nasals [m n̻ʲ ɳ̻ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded velar stops or nasals [ŋ̟ k̟ k ...] become front [ɲ c c ...] before a front high vowel or a high palatal semivowel.

Some words

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