Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a sonorant; i.e. one of /m n ɴ h l j w ʟ/

Allophony

• Coronal consonants other than [l], i.e. [n d d͡ʒ ...], persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal consonant other than a non-sibilant coronal stop or nasal. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, [t d] become [t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺].
• Voiceless stops [p k t͡s̻ ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ kʰ t͡s̻ʰ ...] after a glottal fricative.
• Back vowels [u ɔ ɑ] become central [ʉ ɞ a] before a palatal semivowel.
• Before an uvular obstruent or nasal, [ṉ̺ t͡s̻ʰ t͡s̻ d͡z̻ t͡ʃ̺ʰ t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺ s̻ ʃ̺] become [ṉ t͡sʰ t͡s d͡z t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ s ʃ]. Before a velar obstruent, [ṉ̺ t͡s̻ʰ t͡s̻ d͡z̻ t͡ʃ̺ʰ t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺ s̻ ʃ̺] become [ṉ t͡sʰ t͡s d͡z t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ s ʃ]. Before a back obstruent or nasal, palatoalveolar apical obstruents or nasals become laminal stops; alveolar laminal obstruents become apical stops; bilabial stops or nasals become non-bilabial obstruents or nasals.
• Non-affricate alveolar stops [tʰ t d] become affricate sibilants [t͡sʰ t͡s d͡z] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
• Obstruents [pʰ q d͡ʒ ...] assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop, aspirated stops become unaspirated; obstruents other than stops become resonants; [ʃ ʃ̺] become [ɾ ɾ].
• High vowels and semivowels [j w ʉ ...] persistently become non-high [e̯ o̯ ɵ ...] after a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except a vowel.
• Mid vowels and semivowels [e̯ e ɛ ...] become high [j i i ...] before a nasal. Mid-low vowels become tense.
• Consonants [m qʰ s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; fricatives become resonants; [ʃ ʃ̺] become [ɾ ɾ]. After a voiceless consonant, nasals become non-nasal; [ṉ ṉ̺] become [t͡ʃ t͡ʃ̺].
• Coronal consonants [n t͡sʰ s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Consonants [m qʰ χ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; fricatives become resonants; [ʃ ʃ̺] become [ɾ ɾ]. Before a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; [ṉ ṉ̺] become [t͡ʃ t͡ʃ̺].
• Central vowels [ʉ ɵ ɞ a] persistently become front [y ø œ æ] before a front semivowel.
• Unrounded consonants [m g ʃ ...] become rounded [mʷ gʷ ʃʷ ...] before a rounded semivowel. Front semivowels become velar or uvular back.
• Velar or uvular back consonants other than rounded semivowels [ŋ kʷ x ...] persistently assimilate in highness or uvularity to a following back obstruent or nasal.
• Uvular approximant laterals [ɤˡ̥ ɤˡ oˡ̥ oˡ] persistently become non-lateral [h o̥̯ o̯]. Unrounded approximants become non-back glottal fricatives.
• Nasals [m n ṉ̺ʷ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Short non-glottal stop unaspirated voiceless resonants [ɾ̻̥ l̻̥ʷ ʟ̥ ...] become voiced [ɾ̻ l̻ʷ ʟ ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
• Short non-glottal stop unaspirated voiceless consonants [p t͡ʃʷ ɾ̻̥ ...] become voiced [b d͡ʒʷ ɾ̻ ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone. Fricatives other than [xʷ χʷ] become resonants; palatoalveolar obstruents other than stops become alveolar; [xʷ χʷ] become [w o̯]; [ʃ ʃʷ] become [ɾ ɾʷ].
• Short non-nasal voiced phones [b d͡ʒ̺ ɤˡ ...] become voiceless [p t͡ʃ̺ ɤˡ̥ ...] between a voiceless consonant or word-initially and a voiceless consonant or word-finally.
• Voiceless obstruents [pʰ qʰ t͡ʃ̺ʰ ...] assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before an aspirated consonant, obstruent sibilants other than stops become glottal fricatives; velar or uvular obstruents other than stops become non-back glottal fricatives.
• Unrounded consonants [m qʰ x ...] become rounded [mʷ qʷʰ xʷ ...] after a rounded consonant. Front semivowels become velar or uvular back.
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-dorsal consonants [m d s̻ ...] persistently become front [mʲ dʲ sʲ̻ ...] before a front semivowel.

Some words

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