Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Obstruents other than [s], i.e. [b d g ...], assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than [l]. Before a glottalised consonant, non-glottalised voiced stops become implosives.
• Consonants other than creaky-voiced implosives [m d ɓ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced consonant other than [l], ejective consonants become implosives. After a voiceless consonant other than [ʔ], implosives become non-implosive; nasals become non-nasal.
• Voiced vowels [i u o ...] become creaky-voiced [ḭ ṵ o̰ ...] before a creaky-voiced implosive.
• Nasals [m n] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following non-lateral obstruent or nasal.
• [l̥] become [l] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
• Non-ejective non-nasal voiced vowels and non-glottal stop non-nasal voiced consonants other than [z l], i.e. [b ɓ u ...], become creaky-voiced [ɓ̰ ɓ̰ ṵ ...] after a creaky-voiced implosive. Non-implosive stops become implosives.
• Stops [p d ɓ̰ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. After a glottalised consonant, non-implosive voiced stops become implosives.
• Consonants other than creaky-voiced implosives [m t ɓ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant lateral. Before a voiceless consonant other than [l̥], implosives become non-implosive; nasals become non-nasal. Before a voiced consonant other than [l], ejective consonants become implosives.

Some words

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