Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(R)(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
R: a sonorant; i.e. one of /m n̻ ɲ l̻ j w/
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Non-pharyngeal non-palatal or velar consonants [m d̻ s̻ ...] persistently become front [mʲ d̻ʲ s̻ʲ ...] before a palatal consonant.
• Consonants [m t̻ʲ s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; approximant laterals become obstruents; [j] are deleted.
• Alveolar stops [t̻ d̻ t̻ʲ d̻ʲ] become non-affricate and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, stops become affricate sibilants.
• Non-palatal or velar obstruents or nasals [m b̪ʲ fʲ ...] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a palatal or velar stop or nasal, obstruents or nasals become non-velar non-palatal or velar; labiodental stops become bilabial.
• Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ ɯ ʌ ...] persistently become central [w̟̥ ɨ ɜ ...] before a front consonant.
• Consonants [m t̻ʲ ɬ̻ʲ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; [l̻ l̻ʲ] become [ɬ̻ ɬ̻ʲ]; [j] are deleted.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j i ɛ] become central [ɰ̟ ɨ ɜ] before a velar semivowel.
• High tense semivowels [j w̟̥ w̥ ...] become mid-high [e̯ ɵ̯̥ o̯̥ ...] before a non-high vowel.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j ɘ̯ ʉ ...] persistently assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following mid-high semivowel. Before [e̯], [a] become [ɛ].
• Nasals [m mʲ n̻ʲ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels [ɰ̟ ɵ̯̥ ɯ ...] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a following mid-high semivowel.
• Obstruents [p c ɬ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally.
• Non-sibilant coronal coronal stops or nasals [n̻ ṉ d̻ ...] are persistently deleted between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ t͡ʃ z̻ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal obstruent other than a non-affricate stop or nasal. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; approximants become non-lateral non-coronal dorsal; [l̻] become [j].

Some words

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