Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Bilabial stops or nasals [m p] become non-bilabial velar or uvular [ŋ̟ k̟] before a coronal obstruent or nasal.
• [n] become [ɾ] before an alveolar tap.
• [a] become [ɑ] before an uvular fricative.
• Coronal consonants [n t͡ʃ ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Coronal obstruents or nasals [n̻ t s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, [t̻ t] become [t͡ʃ t͡ʃ̺].
• Coronal stops [t̻ t͡s̻ t͡ʃ ...] become non-affricate and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a coronal obstruent or nasal, affricate sibilants become affricates. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal, non-affricate stops become sibilants; non-affricate stops become affricates.
• Non-bilabial consonants [n̻ t t͡ʃ̺ ...] become rounded [n̻ʷ tʷ t͡ʃ̺ʷ ...] after a high rounded vowel. [ŋ̟ k̟] become [ŋʷ kʷ].
• Vowels other than [i], i.e. [u a ɑ], become front [y ɛ ɛ] before a non-retroflexed coronal consonant. Vowels other than [u] become non-low.
• Unrounded velar or uvular obstruents or nasals [ŋ̟ k̟ q ...] become rounded [ŋʷ kʷ qʷ ...] before a high rounded vowel. Fronted stops or nasals become back.
• Velar or uvular obstruents or nasals [ŋ̟ k̟ q ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following velar or uvular obstruent or nasal. Before an uvular obstruent, fronted stops or nasals become uvular.
• Bilabial stops or nasals [m p] become non-bilabial and assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following phone.
• Nasals [m nʷ ŋ̟ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Consonants [m t̻ʷ s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before an obstruent or pause, nasals become non-nasal; palatoalveolar obstruents or nasals other than obstruents become affricate sibilants.
• Consonants [m g s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; palatoalveolar nasals become affricate sibilants.

Some words

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