Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Coronal consonants [n t͡ʃ ɹ̥ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal consonant other than a stop or nasal. Before a palatoalveolar consonant other than a stop, alveolar consonants become retroflex; [t tʼ] become [ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʼ].
• Non-retroflex coronal consonants [n t͡ʃ ɹ̻̥ ...] persistently become retroflex [ɳ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ɻ̥̻ ...] after a retroflex consonant.
• Unrounded non-labial consonants [n t͡s̻ʼ ʃ ...] become rounded [nʷ t͡s̻ʼʷ ʃʷ ...] after a high rounded vowel or semivowel.
• Non-back vowels other than [a], i.e. [i e], become central [ɨ ɘ] before a consonant.
• [f] become [w̥] after an obstruent or nasal.
• Front vowels [i e] become non-front [ɨ ɘ] before a retroflex consonant.
• Non-sibilant coronal coronal stops or nasals [n t ʈ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
• [ŋ͡m m n nʷ ɳ ɳʷ ŋ ŋʷ k͡p p t tʷ ʈ ʈʷ k kʷ ʔ ʔʷ t͡s̻ t͡s̻ʷ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂ̻ʷ ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʷ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʷ f s̻ s̻ʷ s sʷ ʂ̻ ʂ̻ʷ ʂ ʂʷ ʃ ʃʷ h hʷ ɹ̻̥ ɹ̻ ɹ̻̥ʷ ɹ̻ʷ ɹ̥ ɹ ɹ̥ʷ ɹʷ ɻ̥̻ ɻ̻ ɻ̥̻ʷ ɻ̻ʷ ɻ̥ ɻ ɻ̥ʷ ɻʷ ɹ̥̱ ɹ̱ ɹ̥̱ʷ ɹ̱ʷ w̥ w] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a nasal, glottal stops become unrounded non-ejective velar; glottal fricatives become unrounded non-glottal fricative velar.
• Stops [k͡p ʈʼʷ ɖ͡ʐ̻ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. Before an ejective consonant, voiced stops become ejective.
• Voiced stops [g͡b ɖʷ ɖ͡ʐ̻ ...] become ejective [k͡pʼ ʈʼʷ ʈ͡ʂ̻ʼ ...] after a glottal stop.
• Short non-ejective non-glottal fricative voiceless approximants [ɹ̻̥ ɹ̥ʷ ɻ̥ʷ ...] become voiced [ɹ̻ ɹʷ ɻʷ ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
• Voiceless stops [k͡p ʈʷ ʈ͡ʂ̻ʼ ...] persistently become aspirated [k͡pʰ ʈʷʰ ʈ͡ʂ̻ʰ ...] before a glottal fricative. Ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Aspirated stops other than obstruent sibilants or [k͡pʰ], i.e. [pʰ tʷʰ ʈʷʰ ...], become affricates [ɸ t͡θ̺ʷʰ ʈ͡ʂʷʰ ...] before a high tense vowel or semivowel. Non-coronal stops become unaspirated fricatives; retroflex stops become sibilants.
• Non-ejective obstruents [k͡pʰ t͡s̻ ɸ ...] assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Consonants other than ejective stops [ŋ͡m̥ ʔʷ ʂ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; glottal stops become unrounded non-ejective velar; [hʷ] become [ɰ̟].
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [k͡p ʈʼʷ ʈ͡ʂ̻ ...] become aspirated [k͡pʰ ʈʷʰ ʈ͡ʂ̻ʰ ...] after a glottal fricative. Ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Non-sibilant coronal coronal stops [tʰ dʷ ʈʼʷ ...] become sibilants [t͡sʰ d͡zʷ ʈ͡ʂʼʷ ...] before a high tense vowel or semivowel. Non-affricate stops become affricates.
• Short voiced fricatives other than alveolar consonants [β ʐ̻ʷ ʒ ...] become approximants [w ɻ̻ʷ ɹ̱ ...] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel. Labial fricatives become non-labial velar rounded semivowels.
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [k͡p k t͡sʼʷ ...] persistently become aspirated [k͡pʰ kʰ t͡sʷʰ ...] after an aspirated consonant. Ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Non-ejective unaspirated obstruents [k͡p t͡θ̺ʷ z̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Nasals [ŋ͡m̥ n ɳ̥ʷ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Coronal consonants [n̻̥ t͡s̻ʷʰ d͡ʒʷ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before an apical consonant, palatoalveolar laminal consonants become retroflex.

Some words

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