Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Velar consonants [k g w] become non-velar [k̟ g̟ ɰ̟] before a non-retroflex alveolar consonant. [w] become [ɰ̟].
• Non-nasal consonants [p g̟ s ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become non-sibilant coronal stops or nasals.
• Non-retroflex alveolar consonants [n d l̥ ...] persistently become retroflex [ɳ ɖ ɭ̥ ...] after a retroflex obstruent or nasal.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ j i e] persistently become non-front [ɰ̥̟ ɰ̟ ɨ ɘ] before a retroflex consonant.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ ɰ̟ e ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following consonant.
• Coronal consonants [n ʈ ʂ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant.
• [æ] become [ɛ] before a semivowel.
• Obstruents [p ɖ t͡s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced stop or nasal, obstruents other than stops become non-sibilant coronal stops.
• Nasals [m n ɳ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Central vowels and velar or uvular fronted semivowels [ɰ̥̟ ɰ̟ ɘ ...] become front [j̥ j e ...] before a palatal semivowel.
• Non-nasal consonants [p k l ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become non-sibilant coronal stops or nasals.

Some words

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