Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Alveolar | | Alveolar sibilant | | Palatoalv. sibilant / palatal | | Velar | | Glottal |
| Nasal | | m | | n | | | | ɲ | | ŋ | | |
| Stop | | p | | t | | t͡s | | t͡ʃ | | k | | |
| Fricative | | | | θ̺ | | s | | ʃ | | | | h |
| Approximant | | | | l | | | | j | | w | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | | | | u | |
| Mid-high | | e | ẽ | | | | | o | õ |
| Low | | | | | a | ã | | ɑ | ɑ̃ |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(G)(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
G: one of /j w/
C2: one of /m n ŋ p t k s h l j w/
Allophony
- Consonants [m t s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a nasal, [h] are deleted. Before an obstruent, nasals become non-nasal voiced.
- Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-palatal consonants [m k ð̺ ...] become front [mʲ c ð̺ʲ ...] before a palatal consonant. [h] become [j̥].
- After a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-sibilant coronal obstruents become non-retroflexed alveolar sibilants; non-sibilant coronal obstruents become non-retroflexed alveolar sibilants; approximant laterals become non-retroflexed non-lateral non-coronal palatal or velar; non-sibilant coronal stops become non-retroflexed alveolar affricate sibilants; [l̥ l] become [j̥ j].
- Obstruents [p k ð̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant and become voiceless word-finally.
- Non-prenasalised stops [p tʲ d͡z ...] become prenasalised [mp ntʲ nd͡z ...] after a nasal.
- Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ u õ ...] become central [h ɨ ɘ̃ ...] before a palatal semivowel. Rounded vowels become unrounded; semivowels become unrounded glottal fricatives.
- Unrounded non-bilabial consonants other than non-velar non-coronal consonants [n nt͡s θ̺ ...] become rounded [nʷ nt͡sʷ θ̺ʷ ...] before a rounded semivowel.
- Non-palatal or velar obstruents or nasals [m tʲʷ d͡ʒʷ ...] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal and become non-palatal or velar word-finally. Before a palatal or velar stop or nasal, non-palatalised obstruents or nasals become non-palatal or velar.
- Alveolar obstruents other than affricates [nt tˠ θ̺ʲ ...] assimilate in sibilancy to a following coronal obstruent. Before an obstruent sibilant, stops become affricates.
- Non-nasal vowels [i u o ...] become nasal [ĩ ũ õ ...] before a nasal phone.
- (218) Alveopalatal affricates [nt͡ɕ nt͡ɕʷ d͡ʑ ...] persistently become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲc ɲc ɟ ...] before a palatal stop or nasal. Rounded affricates become unrounded.
- Coronal consonants [n nt͡sʲʷ ð̺ʷ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before an alveolar consonant, laminal obstruents become alveolar.
- Consonants [m dʲ θ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal voiced; alveolar palatalised nasals become non-coronal palatal or velar; [nʲʷ̻ nʲʷ] become [ɟ ɟ]; [mʲ] become [ɟ]. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, [h] are deleted.
- Palatal stops or nasals [ɲ ɲc c ...] become alveopalatal [nʲ̱ ntʲ̻ tʲ̻ ...] before a palatoalveolar obstruent.
- Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels [w̥ u õ ...] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a following semivowel. Before one of [j̥ j], rounded vowels become unrounded; semivowels become unrounded glottal fricatives.
- Non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative obstruents [mp k t͡ʃˠ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant.
- Nasals [m nˠʷ̻ nˠʷ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
- Coronal consonants other than [n nʲ nt͡s nd͡z nt͡sʷ nd͡zʷ nt͡sˠ nd͡zˠ nt͡sˠʷ nd͡zˠʷ nt͡sʲ nd͡zʲ nt͡sʲʷ nd͡zʲʷ t͡s d͡z t͡sʷ d͡zʷ t͡sˠ d͡zˠ t͡sˠʷ d͡zˠʷ t͡sʲ d͡zʲ t͡sʲʷ d͡zʲʷ s z sʷ zʷ sˠ zˠ sˠʷ zˠʷ sʲ zʲ sʲʷ zʲʷ], i.e. [n̻ tˠʷ ðˠ ...], persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent other than a non-affricate stop or nasal. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-velarised unrounded non-prenasalised apical obstruents become alveolar; non-sibilant coronal fricatives become sibilants; approximants become non-lateral non-coronal palatal or velar; rounded approximant laterals become unrounded; non-palatalised approximant laterals become palatal; [t d tʲ dʲ] become [t͡s d͡z t͡sʲ d͡zʲ].
- Palatoalveolar apical obstruents or nasals [ṉ̺ʷ ntˠ̱̺ʷ dˠ̱̺ʷ ...] persistently become alveolar [nʷ ntˠʷ dˠʷ ...].
- Rule (218) becomes inactive.
- Non-affricate palatoalveolar stops [nṯ nṯ̺ʷ dˠ̱ ...] persistently become affricate sibilants [nt͡ʃ nt͡ʃ̺ʷ d͡ʒˠ ...].
- Non-affricate palatoalveolar stops [nṯ nṯ̺ʷ dˠ̱ ...] become affricate sibilants [nt͡ʃ nt͡ʃ̺ʷ d͡ʒˠ ...].
- Non-affricate palatoalveolar stops [nṯ nṯ̺ʷ dˠ̱ ...] persistently become affricate sibilants [nt͡ʃ nt͡ʃ̺ʷ d͡ʒˠ ...].
Some words
| /suwt͡sõt/ | [suw̥t͡sõt] |
| /sõsẽn/ | [sõsẽn] |
| /wajtʃit/ | [waj̥t͡ʃʃit] |
| /sẽwtsẽw/ | [sẽw̥t͡ssẽw] |
| /sõtu/ | [sõtu] |
| /nɑ/ | [nɑ] |
| /θ̺ẽnɑ̃/ | [θ̺ẽnɑ̃] |
| /pɑt͡sos/ | [pɑt͡sos] |
| /mãnaj/ | [mãnaj] |
| /sõw/ | [sõw] |
| /θ̺ãmkẽt/ | [θ̺ãkẽt] |
| /t͡ʃã/ | [t͡ʃã] |
| /pɑ̃tto/ | [pɑ̃tto] |
| /t͡ʃãθ̺ãn/ | [t͡ʃãθ̺ãn] |
| /t͡sɑst͡se/ | [t͡sɑst͡se] |
| /ɲeθ̺õ/ | [ɲeθ̺õ] |
| /li/ | [li] |
| /nɑ̃jjuw/ | [nãjjuw] |
| /tõstã/ | [tõθ̺tã] |
| /hõtej/ | [hõtej] |
| /θ̺at͡se/ | [θ̺at͡se] |
| /net͡se/ | [net͡se] |
| /t͡ʃɑ̃skã/ | [t͡ʃɑ̃sˠkã] |
| /ŋekɑ̃p/ | [ŋekɑ̃p] |
| /t͡sojpõ/ | [t͡sɘj̥põ] |
| /tõθ̺i/ | [tõθ̺i] |
| /t͡sẽwʃẽ/ | [t͡sẽw̥ʃẽ] |
| /kãkt͡ʃa/ | [kãkt͡ʃa] |
| /ŋɑ̃tɑ/ | [ŋɑ̃tɑ] |
| /t͡ʃãwnkã/ | [t͡ʃɑ̃w̥kã] |
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