Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(C₂)(C₃)(R)V(C₄)(C₅)

C₁: one of /n̻ tʰ̻ t͡ʃʰ s̻ ʃ ɾ̻/
C₂: one of /m n̻ ŋ pʰ p tʰ̻ t̻ tʼ̻ kʰ k kʼ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ s̻ ʃ ɾ̻ w/
C₃: a consonant
R: a sonorant; i.e. one of /m n̻ ŋ ɾ̻ j w/
V: a vowel
C₄: one of /m n̻ ŋ pʰ tʰ̻ kʰ t͡ʃʰ/
C₅: a consonant other than a palatoalveolar obstruent (/t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ d͡ʒ ʃ/)

Allophony

• Mid-low vowels [ɛ ɔ] persistently become tense [e o] before a high semivowel.
• Semivowels [j w] become near-high [ɪ̯ ʊ̯] after a mid-low vowel.
• Short non-nasal voiced consonants [b d͡ʒ ɪ̯ ...] become voiceless [p t͡ʃ ɪ̥̯ ...] after a voiceless aspirated stop.
• Unaspirated voiceless obstruents [p k t͡ʃʼ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following obstruent.
• Unrounded non-bilabial consonants [n̻ kʼ ʃ ...] become rounded [nʷ̻ kʷʼ ʃʷ ...] before a rounded semivowel. Semivowels become velar.
• Non-bilabial consonants other than rounded semivowels [n̻ kʼ sʼ̻ ...] assimilate in rounding to a following consonant. Before a rounded consonant, palatal semivowels become velar.
• Non-bilabial consonants other than rounded semivowels [n̻ kʼ sʼ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in rounding to a following rounded consonant and become unrounded word-finally. Before a rounded consonant, palatal semivowels become velar.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ ɪ̥̯ i ...] become central [ ɨ ...] before a velar semivowel. Semivowels are deleted.
• Nasals [m n̻ ŋ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Back vowels [u o ɔ] become central [ʉ ɵ ɞ] before a palatal semivowel.
• Consonants [m dʷ̻ sʼ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; [ṉ nʷ̱] become [t͡ʃ t͡ʃʷ]. After a voiced stop or nasal, ejective obstruents become non-ejective.
• Unrounded non-bilabial consonants [n̻ kʼ z̻ ...] become rounded [nʷ̻ kʷʼ zʷ̻ ...] after a high rounded vowel or semivowel. Semivowels become velar.
• Palatal or velar consonants [ŋ g j ...] assimilate in rounding to a preceding high vowel or semivowel. After a high vowel or semivowel, rounded semivowels are deleted. After a high rounded vowel or semivowel, palatal semivowels become velar.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ i ɘ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a preceding consonant. After a consonant, semivowels are deleted.
• Unaspirated voiceless obstruents [p kʼ s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding obstruent.
• Palatoalveolar obstruents or nasals [ṉ d͡ʒ ʃ ...] persistently become non-retroflexed alveolar [n̻ d͡z̻ s̻ ...] before a non-retroflexed alveolar obstruent or nasal except a non-affricate stop or nasal.
• Obstruents other than [s̻ z̻ sʷ̻ zʷ̻ ʃ ʒ ʃʷ ʒʷ], i.e. [pʰ k t͡sʷʼ̻ ...], assimilate in aspiration to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After an aspirated stop, ejective obstruents become non-ejective; obstruents other than stops become unaspirated.
• Aspirated stops [pʰ kʰ t͡sʷʰ̻ ...] persistently become unaspirated [p k t͡sʷ̻ ...].
• Unrounded non-bilabial consonants [n̻ g̤ s̻ ...] become rounded [nʷ̻ gʷ̤ sʷ̻ ...] after a rounded consonant. Semivowels become velar.
• Obstruents [pʰ g d͡ʒ̤ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent, ejective obstruents become non-ejective.
• Voiced vowels and semivowels [j ɨ ɵ ...] persistently become breathy-voiced [j̤ ɨ̤ ɵ̤ ...] before a breathy-voiced stop.
• Consonants [m g sʼ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; breathy-voiced semivowels become unaspirated; [ṉ nʷ̱] become [t͡ʃ t͡ʃʷ]. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective obstruents become non-ejective.
• Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [tʰ̻ d̻̤ tʷ̻ ...] become affricate sibilants [t͡sʰ̻ d͡z̻̤ t͡sʷ̻ ...] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
• [b̤ b d̻̤ dʷ̻̤ g̤ gʷ̤] become fricatives between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or resonant. Non-bilabial stops become stops; stops other than [b] become unaspirated.

Some words

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