Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Voiced phones [m j ḭ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding voiced consonant.
• Alveolar apical stops [t tʼ] become non-affricate and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal. Word-finally, [t] become [ʔ]. Before a laminal obstruent, stops become affricate sibilants.
• Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced consonants [m ʟ͡β̞ i ...] persistently become creaky-voiced [m̰ ʟ͡β̞̰ ḭ ...] before a creaky-voiced consonant.
• Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [t tʼ] become affricate sibilants [t͡s t͡sʼ] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
• Consonants other than [ʔ], i.e. [m b̰ s ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, [f] become [β̞]; [ʃ] become [j]; [s] become [l]. After a voiceless consonant other than [ʔ], non-labial approximants become obstruents; nasals become non-nasal; [ʟ͡β̞̰] become [k͡x͡p͡fʼˡ].
• Bilabial voiced nasals [m m̰] assimilate in resonancy and nasality and vibrancy and laterality to a following bilabial approximant. Before a bilabial approximant lateral, nasals become non-lateral.
• Coronal consonants [n d t͡ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following one of [s ʃ]. Before [ʃ], non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; [l] become [ʎ].
• Non-pharyngeal consonants other than [c cʼ j j̰ ɰ ɰ̰ w w̰], i.e. [m t t͡ʃʼ ...], assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a palatal consonant, rounded consonants become non-front.
• Non-sibilant coronal coronal nasals [n nʲ ṉ̺̰ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Non-pharyngeal velar consonants [ŋ͡m g͡b k͡xʼʷˡ ...] become non-velar non-front [ŋ͡m̟ g͡b̟ k͡xʼʷ̟ˡ ...] before a front vowel or semivowel.
• Labial consonants [ɲ͡m ^mpʼʲ b̪ ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial consonant.
• Non-glottalised approximants [ʎ͡β̞̥ ʟ͡ʋ̟ j ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. After a voiceless consonant other than an approximant, non-labial non-alveolar approximants become obstruents; non-palatal or velar approximants become obstruents; [ʋ ʋʲ] become [p pʲ].
• Consonants other than [ʔ ʔʲ], i.e. [ɲ͡m g͡b̪̟ d͡ʒ ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiceless consonant other than an approximant, nasals become non-nasal; palatal or velar voiced approximants other than bilabial consonants or [ʎ͡ʋ ʟ͡ʋ̟ ʟ͡ʋ] become obstruents; non-lateral labiodental sonorants become bilabial; non-palatal or velar approximants become obstruents; non-sibilant coronal palatoalveolar nasals become affricate sibilants; [ʎ͡β̞̰ ʟ͡β̞̟̰ ʟ͡β̞̰] become [c͡ç͡p͡fʼˡ k͡x͡p͡fʼ̟ˡ k͡x͡p͡fʼˡ]. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become resonants; palatoalveolar fricatives become non-coronal palatal or velar; [ʃ ʃ̺] become [j j]; [f fʲ] become [β̞ β̞ʲ]; [s̻ʲ] become [ɾ̻]; [s] become [l].
• Coronal consonants [n̻ tʲ t͡sʲ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before a laminal consonant, [ɾʲ] become [ɾ̻].
• Obstruents other than [ɸʲ fʲ s̻ʲ sʲ ɕ ɕ̺], i.e. [^ɲc͡^mp g͡b̪ c͡ç͡p͡ɸʼˡ ...], persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After a glottalised consonant other than a resonant, obstruents other than stops become non-glottalised; obstruents other than stops become pharyngealised.
• Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced resonants [ɾ̻ β̞ʲ w̟ ...] become creaky-voiced [ɾ̻̰ β̞ʲ̰ w̟̰ ...] before a glottal stop.
• High vowels and semivowels [j w̟ w̰ ...] become non-high [e̯ ɵ̯ o̰̯ ...] after a pharyngealised fricative.
• Vowels and semivowels other than fronted rounded semivowels [j ɘ̯ e ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a preceding mid-high semivowel. After one of [e̯ ḛ̯], rounded semivowels become velar or uvular.
• Unrounded non-low vowels and unrounded semivowels [j ɘ̯ e ...] become rounded [w̟ ɵ̯ ø ...] before a rounded semivowel. Front semivowels become velar or uvular.
• Central vowels and velar or uvular fronted semivowels other than rounded semivowels [ɰ̟ ɨ̰ ɵ ...] persistently become front [j ḭ ø ...] after a front consonant.

Some words

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