Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: one of /m n̻ n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ tʰ̻ t̻ tʰ t cʰ c kʰ k kʷʰ kʷ ʔ t͡sʰ̻ t͡s̻ t͡sʰ t͡s h l̻ l j w/

Allophony

• Non-affricate alveolar stops [tʰ̻ d̻ t ...] persistently become non-affricate and assimilate in place of articulation to a following stop or nasal.
• Consonants [m tʰ ʔ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding stop or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [ʔ] are deleted. After a voiceless stop, nasals become non-nasal.
• Short non-nasal voiced phones other than non-near-high vowels [b g l̻ ...] become voiceless [p k l̥̻ ...] between a voiceless consonant or word-initially and a voiceless consonant.
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-palatal consonants [m d̻ t͡s̻ ...] persistently become front [mʲ dʲ̻ t͡sʲ̻ ...] before a palatal consonant. Apical consonants become laminal; [h] become [cʰ]; [ʔ] become [j].
• Front consonants [mʲ tʲʰ̻ t͡sʲʰ̻ ...] become velar [m tʰ̻ t͡sʰ̻ ...] before a high velar semivowel. Palatalised consonants become non-velar.
• Vowels [i i̥ æ ...] become nasal [ĩ ĩ̥ æ̃ ...] before a glottal.
• Short voiced phones other than non-near-high vowels [m bʲ d͡z ...] persistently become voiceless [p pʲ t͡s ...] before a voiceless glottal fricative. Nasals become non-nasal.
• Stops [pʰ dʲ̻ kʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiced stop, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Consonants [m tʲ̻ t͡sʲʰ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following stop or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless stop or pause, nasals become non-nasal. Before a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [ʔ] are deleted.
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [p tʲ̻ kʷ ...] become ejective [pʼ tʼʲ̻ kʼʷ ...] before a glottal stop.
• Nasals [m n̻ ɲ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following stop or nasal. Word-finally, nasals become semivowels.
• Stops [pʰ tʼʲ̻ kʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding stop. After a voiced stop, aspirated stops become unaspirated; ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Consonants other than [w̥ w], i.e. [m tʲ̻ t͡sʼ̻ ...], assimilate in rounding to a following consonant. Before a rounded consonant, palatal consonants become velar; [ʔ] become [w]; [h] become [kʷʰ].
• Unrounded consonants [m tʲ̻ t͡sʲʰ̻ ...] persistently become rounded [mʷ tʲʷ̻ t͡sʲʷʰ̻ ...] before a rounded consonant. Palatal consonants become velar; [ʔ] become [w]; [h] become [kʷʰ].
• Vowels and semivowels [ɰ̃ w̥ ɛ ...] assimilate in rounding to a following non-alveolar semivowel. Before one of [w̃ w̥ w], palatal semivowels become velar; [æ æ̃] become [œ œ̃].
• Unrounded vowels and semivowels [ɰ̃ i ɛ̃ ...] persistently become rounded [w̃ y œ̃ ...] before a rounded semivowel. [æ æ̃] become [œ œ̃]; palatal semivowels become velar.
• Semivowels [ɰ̃ j̥ ɰ ...] become mid-low [ʌ̯̃ ɛ̥̯ ʌ̯ ...] after a lax vowel.
• Non-pharyngeal non-front consonants other than uvular semivowels or [ŋʷ kʷʰ kʷ kʼʷ gʷ ɰ̃ w̃ ɰ̥ ɰ w̥ w], i.e. [m tʷ̻ t͡sʷʰ̻ ...], become front [mʲ tʲʷ̻ t͡sʲʷʰ̻ ...] after a front consonant except a semivowel. Apical consonants become laminal; [h] become [cʰ]; [ʔ] become [j].
• Non-nasal vowels and semivowels [j̥ ɛ̯ y ...] persistently become nasal [j̥̃ ɛ̯̃ ỹ ...] before a nasal phone.
• [ɰ̥̃ ɰ̃ ʌ̥̯̃ ʌ̯̃ ɰ̥ ɰ ʌ̥̯ ʌ̯ ɑ ɑ̃ ɒ ɒ̃] become central after a mid-low palatalised uvular semivowel. Rounded vowels become mid-low.
• Nasals [m n̻ n ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation between a stop or nasal and a stop or nasal.
• Semivowels [j̥̃ ɜ̥̯̃ ɰ ...] assimilate in laxity to a following vowel or non-palatoalveolar semivowel. Before a vowel or an uvular semivowel, high semivowels become mid-low.
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [p tʲ̻ kʼʷ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant.
• Central vowels and velar or uvular fronted semivowels [ɰ̥̟̃ ɜ̯̃ ɜ̥̯ ...] become front [j̥̃ ɛ̯̃ ɛ̥̯ ...] after a front consonant.
• Non-front alveolar consonants [n̻ tʼ t͡s ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following alveolar consonant.
• Mid-low vowels and semivowels [ɛ̥̯̃ ɔ̯̃ ɔ̥̯ ...] become tense [ẽ̥̯ õ̯ o̥̯ ...] before a high semivowel.

Some words

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