Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Labial obstruents or nasals [m pʰ b ...] persistently become velar [ŋ͡m k͡pʰ g͡b ...] before a velar obstruent.
• Before an alveolar approximant lateral, [tʰ t d] become [t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ]; [s] become [ɬ].
• After a rounded semivowel, non-back tense vowels become back rounded; front vowels become back rounded.
• Non-nasal consonants [k͡pʰ d f ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated; [ʔ] are deleted.
• Non-nasal consonants [k͡pʰ k ɮ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated; [ʔ] are deleted.
• Unrounded non-palatal non-labial consonants [n g ɮ ...] become rounded [nʷ gʷ ɮʷ ...] after a rounded semivowel.
• Unrounded non-palatal non-labial consonants [n g ɮ ...] become rounded [nʷ gʷ ɮʷ ...] after a rounded consonant.
• Nasals [ŋ͡m m n nʷ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Mid-high vowels [e eː o oː] become high [i iː u uː] before a semivowel.
• Velar semivowels [w̥ w] become unrounded velar fronted [ɰ̟̥ ɰ̟] before a palatal semivowel.
• [k͡pʰ k͡p pʰ p tʰ t tʰʷ tʷ kʰ k kʰʷ kʷ t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ t͡ɬʰʷ t͡ɬʷ ɣ͡v v ɮ ɮʷ z zʷ ɣ ɣʷ] become ejective before a non-nasal glottal stop. Obstruents other than stops become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated; alveolar obstruents other than stops become resonants; velar obstruents other than stops become resonants; [v] become [w]; [ɣ͡v] become [ɰ].
• Unaspirated obstruents [k͡p kʼ f ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced obstruent, ejective stops become non-ejective.
• Non-affricate alveolar stops [tʰ tʼ tʷ ...] become affricate sibilants [t͡sʰ t͡sʼ t͡sʷ ...] before a high tense semivowel.
• Vowels and semivowels [j̥ w uː ...] become nasal [ŋʲ ŋʷ uː̃ ...] after a nasal. Semivowels become nasals; voiceless semivowels become voiced.
• Stops [k͡pʰ tʷ t͡ɬʼ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent, ejective stops become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• [ŋ͡m ŋ͡ɱ m ɱ ŋʲ ŋ̟ ŋ k͡pʰ k͡p k͡pʼ g͡b pʰ p pʼ b kʰ k kʼ g ʔ ʔʷ x͡f ɣ͡v f v x ɣ] assimilate in palatalisation to a preceding consonant other than a semivowel. After a consonant other than a semivowel, [ŋʲ] become [ŋ].
• [c͡pʰ c͡p k͡pʰ k͡p pʰ p pʲʰ pʲ tʰ t tʰʷ tʷ cʰ c kʰ k kʰʷ kʷ t͡ɬʰ t͡ɬ t͡ɬʰʷ t͡ɬʷ t͡sʰ t͡s t͡sʰʷ t͡sʷ ʝ͡v ɣ͡v v vʲ ɮ ɮʷ z zʷ ʝ ɣ ɣʷ] become ejective before a glottal stop. Obstruents other than stops become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated; palatal or velar obstruents other than stops become resonants; alveolar obstruents other than stops become resonants; [v vʲ] become [w w]; [ʝ͡v ɣ͡v] become [j ɰ].
• Non-nasal vowels [i u o ...] persistently become nasal [ĩ ũ õ ...] before a nasal phone.
• Labial obstruents or nasals [ɲ͡m c͡pʼ pʲ ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• Non-ejective voiceless stops [c͡pʰ pʲ kʰ ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following consonant other than a resonant and become unaspirated word-finally.

Some words

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