Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(R)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
R: an approximant; i.e. one of /l j w/
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Unaspirated voiceless stops [p t k ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʰ kʰ ...] after an aspirated stop.
• Non-high non-nasal vowels [e o ɑ ...] become nasal [ẽ õ ɑ̃ ...] before a nasal phone.
• Unrounded palatal or velar consonants [ɲ kʰ x ...] become rounded [ŋ̟ kʷʰ xʷ ...] before a rounded vowel or semivowel. Palatal consonants become unrounded velar.
• Non-front alveolar consonants [n tʰ d͡z ...] persistently become palatoalveolar [ṉ̺ t͡ʃ̺ʰ d͡ʒ̺ ...] before an alveopalatal obstruent. [tʰ t d] become [t͡ʃ̺ʰ t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺]; [l] become [j].
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded velar obstruents or nasals [ŋ̟ k̟ g ...] become palatal [ɲ c ɟ ...] after a front high vowel or a high palatal semivowel.
• [j] are deleted after a rounded vowel or semivowel.
• Palatal obstruents or nasals [ɲ c ç ...] become alveopalatal [nʲ̱ t͡ɕ ɕ ...] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal. Stops become affricates.
• Consonants [m t d͡ʑ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; non-sibilant coronal palatoalveolar nasals become affricate sibilants. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• [m mʲ n nʲ̱ ṉ̺ ŋ̟ pʰ p b pʲʰ pʲ bʲ tʰ t d k̟ʰ k̟ g̟ kʰ k g kʷʰ kʷ gʷ t͡s d͡z t͡ɕʰ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ʃ̺ʰ t͡ʃ̺ d͡ʒ̺ s z ɕ ʑ ʃ̺ ʒ̺ x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ l̥ l] persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant and become non-front word-finally. Before a front consonant, rounded obstruents become non-front; non-lateral alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal laminal; rounded obstruents become unrounded; non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; approximant laterals become non-lateral non-coronal palatal.
• Obstruents [pʰ g d͡ʑ̺ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent. Before a voiced obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Consonants [m ɟ d͡ʑ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals become non-nasal; palatoalveolar nasals become affricate sibilants. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ i eː ...] become central [ ɨ ɘː ...] before a velar semivowel. Semivowels are deleted.
• Non-pharyngeal velar consonants [kʰ kʷ xʷ ...] become velar fronted [k̟ʰ k̟ x̟ ...] after a non-low front vowel or a front semivowel. Rounded consonants become unrounded.
• Coronal consonants [n d͡z t͡ɕ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Nasals [m n ṉ̺ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Voiceless stops [pʰ cʰ t͡ʃʰ ...] persistently assimilate in aspiration to a following obstruent or nasal and become aspirated word-finally.
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [p c t͡ʃ ...] become aspirated [pʰ cʰ t͡ʃʰ ...] before a voiceless fricative.
• Unrounded palatoalveolar stops or nasals other than stops [ṉ nʲ̱ ṉ̺ ṉ̺ʲ] persistently become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ ɲ ɲ ɲ] before a palatal obstruent or nasal.

Some words

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