Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Alveolar | | Pal. / vel. | | Uvular |
| Nasal | | m̥ | m | | n̥ | n | | | | | | |
| Stop | | p | b | | t | d | | k | | | q | |
| Fricative | | | | | s | | | x | | | χ | |
| Approximant | | | | | | l | | | j | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | | | | ɯ | u |
| Mid-high | | e | | | | | | ɤ | o |
| Low | | | | | a | | | | |
Syllable structure
(C)(j)V
C: a consonant
V: a vowel
Allophony
- Non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative obstruents [p d s ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
- Dorsal consonants other than [j], i.e. [k q ɣ ...], become rounded [kʷ qʷ ɣʷ ...] before a rounded vowel.
- Nasals [m̥ m n̥ n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
- Alveolar stops [t d] become affricate sibilants [t͡s d͡z] before a high tense vowel or semivowel.
- [j] become [ɪ̯] after a lax vowel.
- Before a front vowel or semivowel, unrounded non-affricate uvular stops or nasals become non-pharyngeal non-back non-palatal approximants; [χ ʁ] become [ɘ̯̥ ɘ̯].
- Nasals [m̥ ŋ̥ ɴ̥ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Non-pharyngeal bilabial stops or nasals [m̥ m p b] persistently become front [mʲ̥ mʲ pʲ bʲ] before a palatal semivowel.
- Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels [ɘ̯̥̃ ɘ̯ ɤ ...] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a following uvular consonant. Before a tense semivowel other than [j], rounded vowels become unrounded.
- [s z x ɣ xʷ ɣʷ χ ʁ χʷ ʁʷ l] become stops or nasals after a nasal consonant except a nasal.
- Velar or uvular obstruents or nasals [ŋ̥ k x ...] assimilate in uvularity to a following back obstruent or nasal.
- Short voiced fricatives other than [z], i.e. [ɣ ɣʷ ʁ ʁʷ], become approximants [ɰ w ɤ̯ o̯] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel.
- Back vowels and semivowels [ɤ̯̥̃ ɤ̯̥ u ...] become central [ɘ̯̥̃ ɘ̯̥ ɨ ...] before a palatal semivowel. Rounded vowels and semivowels become unrounded.
- [ɪ̯] become [j] before a high semivowel.
- Voiced obstruents [b gʷ z ...] become nasals [m ŋʷ n ...] before a nasal consonant. Obstruents other than stops become nasals; [d͡ɮ] become [n]; [d͡z] become [n]; [z] become [n].
- Consonants [m̥ t χ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
- Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels other than [a], i.e. [ɘ̯̥̃ ɰ o̯ ...], become front [ẽ̯̥ j e̯ ...] before a front consonant. Rounded vowels and semivowels become unrounded; [ɑ] become [a].
- Near-high semivowels [ɪ̯̥ ɪ̯] become tense [j̥ j] after a high semivowel.
- Consonants [m̥ kʷ ɘ̯̃ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal.
Some words
| /nele/ | [nele] |
| /qjuta/ | [qʷj̥uta] |
| /ɯe/ | [ɯe] |
| /dɯne/ | [d͡zɯne] |
| /keso/ | [keso] |
| /n̥on̥i/ | [n̥on̥i] |
| /luke/ | [luke] |
| /kan̥a/ | [kan̥a] |
| /tapane/ | [tapane] |
| /n̥am̥a/ | [n̥am̥a] |
| /lim̥jida/ | [limʲ̥j̥ida] |
| /n̥ejɯsa/ | [n̥ejɯsa] |
| /qilja/ | [ɘ̯̥ilja] |
| /teki/ | [teki] |
| /xexo/ | [xexʷo] |
| /qaqo/ | [qɑqʷo] |
| /qinije/ | [ɘ̯̥inije] |
| /n̥an̥u/ | [n̥an̥u] |
| /osi/ | [osi] |
| /nopa/ | [nopa] |
| /m̥ele/ | [m̥ele] |
| /n̥eton̥e/ | [n̥eton̥e] |
| /neku/ | [nekʷu] |
| /xidi/ | [xid͡zi] |
| /qupi/ | [qʷupi] |
| /esjɤte/ | [esj̥ɤte] |
| /n̥jɯni/ | [n̥j̥ɯni] |
| /labe/ | [labe] |
| /djibjou/ | [d͡zjibʲjou] |
| /kum̥isi/ | [kʷum̥isi] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 67979797494.