Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Nasals [m n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following stop or nasal.
• Coronal stops [t ʈ] become resonant laterals [l̥ ɭ̥] before a coronal approximant lateral.
• Voiced resonants [ɾ ɽ l ...] become voiceless [ɾ̥ ɽ̥ l̥ ...] after a stop.
• Stops [p t ʈ k] become aspirated [pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ] before a glottal fricative.
• Non-nasal consonants [pʰ kʰ ɽ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following stop or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated.
• Alveolar consonants [n t ɾ ...] persistently become retroflex [ɳ ʈ ɽ ...] after a retroflex consonant.
• Non-nasal consonants [pʰ ɖ ɾ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced consonant other than a resonant, aspirated consonants become unaspirated.
• Vowels other than [a], i.e. [i u], persistently become lax [ɪ ʊ] after a pharyngeal.
• Vowels [i u ʊ ...] become pharyngealised [ɪˤ ʊˤ ʊˤ ...] after a pharyngeal. Tense vowels become lax.
• Non-back high vowels [i ɪ ɪˤ] become central [ɨ ɪ̈ ɪ̈ˤ] before a consonant.
• Stops [pʰ t ɖ ...] assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced consonant other than a resonant, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
• Front vowels [i ɪ ɪˤ] become non-front [ɨ ɪ̈ ɪ̈ˤ] before a retroflex consonant.
• Unaspirated voiceless stops [p t ʈ k] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ] after an aspirated consonant.
• Front vowels [i ɪ ɪˤ] become non-front [ɨ ɪ̈ ɪ̈ˤ] after a retroflex consonant.

Some words

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