Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(C₂)V(C₃)(C₄)

C₁: a non-front consonant; i.e. a consonant other than /nʲ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʼ ɕ j ʎ/
C₂: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₃: a consonant
C₄: one of /n h/

Allophony

• Front vowels and semivowels [j i ɛ ɛ̃] become central [ ɨ ɜ ɜ̃] before a non-front consonant. [j] are deleted.
• Nasals [m n nʲ] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
• Stops [p t kʼ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding voiceless consonant.
• Stops [p t kʼ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding voiceless consonant.
• Coronal consonants [n t t͡ɕʼ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before one of [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʼ ɕ], [l] become [ʎ].
• (213) Palatoalveolar apical obstruents or nasals [ṉ̺ ṉ̺ʲ ṯ̺ʼ ...] persistently become laminal [ṉ ṉʲ ṯʼ ...].
• Non-affricate palatoalveolar stops [ṯ ṯʼ ṯ̺ ṯ̺ʼ] persistently become affricate sibilants [t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ t͡ʃ̺ t͡ʃ̺ʼ].
• Short coronal voiced nasals [n̻ʲ nʲ ṉʲ ...] become taps [ɾ̻̃ ɾ̃ʲ j̃ ...] between a vowel or an approximant and a vowel or an approximant. Palatoalveolar nasals become non-coronal palatal approximants; [ṉ ṉ̺] become [j̃ j̃]; [n̻ʲ] become [ɾ̻̃].
• Non-nasal vowels [i u ɜ ...] become nasal [ĩ ũ ɜ̃ ...] before a nasal phone.
• Non-palatal or velar obstruents or nasals [m pʼ t͡ʃʼ ...] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a velar stop or nasal, coronal obstruents or nasals become non-coronal; affricates become fricatives; non-coronal obstruents or nasals become non-labial; ejective affricates become non-ejective.
• Labial obstruents or nasals [m ɱʲ pʲ ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• Voiced vowels [i u ɜ̃ ...] become creaky-voiced [ḭ ṵ ɜ̰̃ ...] after a glottal stop.
• High semivowels [j̃ j] persistently become velar rounded [w̃ w] after a rounded vowel.
• Rule (213) becomes inactive.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ ṯʲ t͡ʃ̺ʼ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before a laminal consonant, [ɾ̃ʲ] become [ɾ̻̃].
• Non-nasal vowels [i u ɜ̰ ...] persistently become nasal [ĩ ũ ɜ̰̃ ...] after a nasal phone.
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded consonants other than [ɾ̻̃ j̃ j], i.e. [m t t͡ɕ ...], assimilate in palatalisation to a preceding unrounded consonant other than [j̃ j].
• [m mʲ ɱ ɱʲ n̻ n̻ʲ n nʲ ṉ ṉʲ ṉ̺ ṉ̺ʲ ɲ ŋ p pʲ p̪ pʲ̪ t̻ t̻ʲ t tʲ ṯ ṯʲ ṯ̺ ṯ̺ʲ c k ʔ ʔʲ t͡s̻ t͡s̻ʲ t͡s t͡sʲ t͡ʃ t͡ɕ t͡ʃ̺ t͡ɕ̺ ɸ ɸʲ f fʲ s̻ s̻ʲ s sʲ ʃ ɕ ʃ̺ ɕ̺ ç x h hʲ ɾ̻̃ ɾ̃ ɾ̃ʲ j̃ w̃ l̻ l̻ʲ l lʲ j ʎ w ʟ̟] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a nasal, glottal stops become non-ejective palatal or velar. After an obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; palatoalveolar obstruents or nasals other than obstruents become affricate sibilants.
• Non-ejective obstruents [p c f ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Palatal obstruents or nasals [ɲ cʼ ç ...] become alveopalatal [ṉʲ t͡ɕʼ ɕ ...] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal. Stops become affricates.
• Palatal obstruents or nasals [ɲ cʼ ç ...] become alveopalatal [ṉʲ t͡ɕʼ ɕ ...] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal. Stops become affricates.
• High vowels and semivowels [j̥̃ w̥ ɨ̰ ...] become non-high [ẽ̥̯ o̥̯ ɘ̰ ...] before a non-labial tap.
• Short non-ejective voiced stops [b dʲ d͡z̻ ...] become fricatives [β ð̺ʲ z̻ ...] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel. Non-sibilant coronal palatoalveolar stops become sibilants.
• Consonants other than ejective stops [m ʔʲ ɕ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, glottal stops become non-ejective dorsal. Before a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal; palatoalveolar obstruents or nasals other than obstruents become affricate sibilants.

Some words

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