Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Alveolar | | Pal. / vel. | | Rounded velar / bilabial-velar | | Glottal |
| Nasal | | | | m | | | | n | | | | ŋ | | | | ŋ͡m | | | | |
| Stop | | pʰ | p | b | | tʰ | t | d | | kʰ | k | g | | k͡pʰ | k͡p | g͡b | | | | |
| Fricative | | | | | | | s | z | | | | | | | | | | h | | |
| Resonant | | | | | | | | r | | | | j | | | | w | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | | | | u | |
| Mid-low | | ɛ | ɛ̃ | | | | | ɔ | ɔ̃ |
| Low | | | | | a | ã | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)(R)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
R: a resonant; i.e. one of /r j w/
V: a vowel
C2: one of /ŋ͡m m n ŋ k͡pʰ k͡p pʰ p tʰ t kʰ k s h r w/
Allophony
- Back vowels and semivowels [w u ɔ ɔ̃] become central [w̟ ʉ ɞ ɞ̃] before a palatal semivowel.
- Short voiced consonants [ŋ͡m g͡b z ...] become voiceless [k͡p k͡p s ...] after a voiceless aspirated consonant. Nasals become non-nasal.
- Non-nasal vowels and semivowels [j̥ w̥ u ...] become nasal [j̥̃ w̥̃ ũ ...] after a nasal vowel.
- Non-pharyngeal unrounded velar stops or nasals [ŋ͡m k͡pʰ kʰ ...] become palatal [ɲ͡m c͡pʰ cʰ ...] after a front high vowel or a high palatal semivowel.
- High semivowels [j̥̃ w̥̃ w̟̥ ...] become mid-high [ẽ̯̥ õ̯̥ ɵ̯̥ ...] after a non-high vowel.
- Mid-low vowels [ɛ ɞ ɔ ...] become tense [e ɵ o ...] after a high semivowel.
- Consonants other than [c͡pʰ k͡pʰ pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ], i.e. [ɲ͡m ɟ õ̯̥ ...], assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiceless consonant other than a resonant, nasals become non-nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, [h] are deleted.
- Short voiced vowels [i e ɛ̃ ...] become voiceless [i̥ e̥ ɛ̥̃ ...] before a voiceless glottal fricative.
- Front vowels and semivowels [j̥̃ e̯̥ e̥ ...] become central [h h ɘ̥ ...] before a back semivowel. Semivowels become glottal fricatives; [j̥̃ ẽ̯̥] become [h h].
- Consonants other than [c͡pʰ k͡pʰ pʰ tʰ cʰ kʰ], i.e. [ɲ͡m ɟ õ̯̥ ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, [h] are deleted. Before a voiceless consonant other than a resonant, nasals become non-nasal.
- [n] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal. Word-finally, [n] are deleted.
- Back vowels and semivowels [w̥̃ o̯̥ o̥ ...] become central [w̟̥̃ ɵ̯̥ ɵ̥ ...] before a front consonant.
- Aspirated stops [c͡pʰ pʰ cʰ ...] persistently become unaspirated [c͡p p c ...].
- Non-pharyngeal non-dorsal consonants [m b s ...] persistently become front [mʲ bʲ sʲ ...] before a front consonant. [h] become [j̥].
- [ɲ͡m ŋ͡m n nʲ ɲ ŋ c͡pʰ c͡p ɟ͡b k͡pʰ k͡p g͡b tʰ t d tʲʰ tʲ dʲ cʰ c ɟ kʰ k g s z sʲ zʲ] persistently assimilate in labiality and labiodentality to a following consonant other than [h]. Before a bilabial stop or nasal, alveolar obstruents or nasals become non-alveolar.
- Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥̃ ĩ ɵ̥ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a preceding consonant. After a consonant, front semivowels become glottal fricatives; [j̥̃ ẽ̯̥] become [h h]. After a front consonant, low vowels become non-low.
- Unaspirated voiceless stops [c͡p p tʲ ...] persistently become aspirated [c͡pʰ pʰ tʲʰ ...] after an aspirated consonant.
- Non-pharyngeal unrounded non-front consonants [ŋ͡m pʰ g ...] become front [ɲ͡m pʲʰ ɟ ...] after a front consonant except a semivowel. [h] become [j̥].
- Unrounded non-labial consonants [n c j̃ ...] persistently become rounded [nʷ cʷ ɥ̃ ...] before a rounded semivowel.
Some words
| /hu/ | [hu] |
| /huwuh/ | [huwu̥h] |
| /grikʰrin/ | [grɨcʰrʲ̥ɨ] |
| /kaw/ | [kao̯] |
| /jɔ̃k/ | [jõk] |
| /si/ | [sɨ] |
| /zakg͡biw/ | [zak͡pk͡pɨw] |
| /ɔ̃/ | [ɔ̃] |
| /bibik͡p/ | [bɨbɨc͡p] |
| /pʰrɛ̃khiw/ | [pʰr̥ɜ̃khɨw] |
| /pahɛ̃k/ | [pḁhɜ̃k] |
| /za/ | [za] |
| /kã/ | [kã] |
| /kɔ̃htu/ | [kɔ̥̃htʰu] |
| /wupzu/ | [wupsu] |
| /mɛk͡pʰzakʰ/ | [mɜksak] |
| /ŋipʰwɔpʰ/ | [ŋɨpʰw̥op] |
| /gɔ̃nkrɛ̃w/ | [gɔ̃ŋgrɜ̃õ̯] |
| /g͡bawwɛ̃/ | [g͡bao̯o̯ɜ̃] |
| /kwukʰpɔŋ/ | [kʷw̥uk͡ppɔŋ] |
| /hɔ̃tʰ/ | [hɔ̃t] |
| /hawɔk͡pʰ/ | [hao̯ɔk͡p] |
| /wɔ̃wuw/ | [wõõ̯ũw̃] |
| /dipru/ | [dɨpr̥u] |
| /bɔ̃kʰit/ | [bɔ̃kʰɨt] |
| /k͡pruwɔk͡p/ | [kr̥uwok͡p] |
| /nagɔs/ | [nagɔs] |
| /k͡purru/ | [k͡purru] |
| /pã/ | [pã] |
| /nip/ | [nɨp] |
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