Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: one of /m n p pʼ t tʼ k kʼ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ r l/

Allophony

• Non-ejective consonants [m k ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal.
• Before a trill, approximant laterals become non-lateral alveolar trills. Before an approximant, trills are deleted.
• Coronal obstruents or nasals [n d s ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a preceding coronal consonant. After a laminal obstruent, alveolar obstruents or nasals become retroflex laminal; [t tʼ d] become [ʈ͡ʂ̻ ʈ͡ʂ̻ʼ ɖ͡ʐ̻].
• Stops [p k ʈ͡ʂ̻ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding obstruent. After an ejective stop, voiced stops become ejective.
• Short non-ejective non-prenasalised voiced stops [b g ɖ͡ʐ̻ ...] become fricatives [β ɣ ʐ̻ ...] between a vowel and a vowel or resonant.
• Stops [p k ʈ͡ʂ̻ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following obstruent. Before an ejective stop, voiced stops become ejective.
• Non-ejective consonants [m d͡z̻ z ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals become non-nasal.
• Front vowels [i e] become non-front [ɨ ɘ] before a retroflex obstruent or nasal.
• Front vowels [i e] persistently become non-front [ɨ ɘ] before a retroflex obstruent or nasal.
• Non-ejective obstruents [p ʈ͡ʂ̻ ð̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent.
• Coronal consonants [n ʈ͡ʂ̻ s ...] assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before an apical consonant, palatoalveolar obstruents become retroflex laminal.
• Coronal consonants [n̻ t͡s ð̺ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before an apical consonant, palatoalveolar obstruents become retroflex laminal.
• Resonants [r̻̥ r̥ l̻ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Coronal consonants other than [r̥ r], i.e. [n̻ d͡z̻ z̻ ...], assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following coronal obstruent or nasal. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-lateral apical obstruents or nasals become retroflex laminal; non-affricate stops become affricates; non-affricate stops become sibilants; [l̻̥ l̻] become [l̥ l]. Before a postalveolar obstruent or nasal, non-sibilant coronal fricatives become sibilants; trills become non-retroflex alveolar; trills become apical.
• Nasals [m n ɳ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Rounded vowels [u o] become non-back unrounded [ɨ ɘ] before a non-retroflex coronal consonant.

Some words

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