Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(R)(G)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant other than /j/
R: one of /l w/
G: one of /j w/
V: a vowel
C₂: one of /m n ŋ p t k l w/

Allophony

• Non-nasal consonants [p d d͡z ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following stop or nasal.
• Nasals [m n ŋ] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following stop or nasal.
• Non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative stops [p t g ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding stop.
• Vowels [i uː ɔ ...] become nasal [ĩ uː̃ ɔ̃ ...] before a nasal.
• Short non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative voiceless approximants [l̥ j̥ w̥] become voiced [l j w] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
• Non-back non-low vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ iː ɛ ...] become central [ɰ̥̟ ɨː ɜ ...] before a velar semivowel.
• Non-nasal consonants [p g j̥ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding stop or nasal.
• Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels other than [w̥ w], i.e. [ɰ̥̟ uː ɔ ...], assimilate in backness or velarisation to a following semivowel.
• Unrounded velar semivowels [ɰ̥̟ ɰ̟ ɰ̥ ɰ] become rounded [w̥ w w̥ w] before a rounded vowel or semivowel. Fronted semivowels become velar.
• Stops [p t g ...] become aspirated [pʰ tʰ g̤ ...] word-finally.

Some words

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