Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Laminal alveolar | | Laminal rounded alveolar | | Velar | | Rounded velar | | Glottal | | Rounded glottal |
| Nasal | | | | m | | | | n̻ | | | | n̻ʷ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Stop | | p | pʼ | b | | t̻ | tʼ̻ | d̻ | | | | | | k | kʼ | g | | kʷ | kʼʷ | gʷ | | | | | | | | |
| Fricative | | | | | | s̻ | | z̻ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | h | | | | hʷ | | |
| Approximant | | | | ʋ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | w | | | | | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | | u |
| Mid-high | | e | | | | o |
| Low | | | | a | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)(C2)V(C3)
C1: a consonant other than one of /d̻ g gʷ/ (/d̻ g gʷ/)
C2: a consonant
V: a vowel
C3: a consonant
Allophony
- Non-nasal consonants [p k s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective stops become non-ejective; glottal fricatives become unrounded non-glottal fricative labial.
- Unrounded consonants [m t̻ g ...] become rounded [ŋʷ t̻ʷ gʷ ...] before a non-low rounded vowel or a rounded semivowel. Labial consonants become non-labial velar.
- [m] become [β̞] after a labiodental approximant.
- Non-high vowels [e o a] become nasal [ẽ õ ã] before a nasal.
- Stops or nasals [m b d̻ʷ ...] persistently become non-affricate and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Non-nasal consonants [p d̻ʷ s̻ʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective stops become non-ejective; glottal fricatives become unrounded non-glottal fricative labial.
- Voiceless stops [p tʼ̻ k ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant.
- High tense semivowels [w̥ w] become mid-high [o̯̥ o̯] before a non-high vowel.
- Obstruents [p t̻ʷ kʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiced obstruent, ejective stops become non-ejective.
- Non-glottal fricative obstruents [p t̻ʷ kʷ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced obstruent, ejective stops become non-ejective.
- Non-glottal fricative approximants [β̞̥ ʋ̥ w ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant.
- Non-ejective obstruents [p t̻ʷ gʷ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant.
- Labial consonants [m pʼ β̞ ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial consonant.
- Voiceless stops [p t̻ k ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant.
- [##] persistently become [##] before an alveolar obstruent or nasal.
Some words
| /guʋn̻ʷag/ | [gʷuʋn̻ʷag] |
| /an̻ʷwi/ | [ãn̻ʷwi] |
| /gus̻z̻z̻i/ | [gʷuz̻z̻z̻i] |
| /z̻pʼakʼkʷa/ | [s̻pakʷkʷa] |
| /ez̻uh/ | [ez̻ʷuh] |
| /s̻bu/ | [z̻gʷu] |
| /t̻iʋ/ | [t̻iʋ] |
| /t̻uwz̻u/ | [t̻ʷuwz̻ʷu] |
| /kin̻ud̻/ | [kin̻ʷud̻] |
| /pʼutʼ̻ʋaz̻/ | [kʼʷutʼ̻ʋ̥az̻] |
| /tʼ̻utʼ̻aw/ | [tʼ̻ʷutʼ̻aw] |
| /t̻bu/ | [gʷgʷu] |
| /pohʷan̻/ | [kʷohʷãn̻] |
| /aw/ | [aw] |
| /biht̻s̻ab/ | [biht̻s̻ab] |
| /t̻u/ | [t̻ʷu] |
| /mud̻tʼ̻wiw/ | [ŋʷutʼ̻ʷtʼ̻ʷw̥iw] |
| /ʋigit̻/ | [ʋigit̻] |
| /ha/ | [ha] |
| /d̻u/ | [d̻ʷu] |
| /puʋwaz̻/ | [kʷuo̯o̯az̻] |
| /n̻umbu/ | [n̻ʷuŋʷgʷu] |
| /pun̻u/ | [kʷun̻ʷu] |
| /t̻s̻a/ | [t̻s̻a] |
| /d̻ad̻as̻/ | [d̻ad̻as̻] |
| /bi/ | [bi] |
| /s̻amuw/ | [s̻ãŋʷuw] |
| /z̻t̻upi/ | [s̻t̻ʷupi] |
| /s̻ut̻u/ | [s̻ʷut̻ʷu] |
| /d̻iw/ | [d̻iw] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 12270179875.