Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)(C₂)V(C₃)

C₁: a consonant
C₂: one of /p ɾ j w/
V: a vowel
C₃: a consonant other than /ʃ/

Allophony

• Stops or nasals [m̥ n t ...] are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and a stop or nasal.
• Consonants [m̥ b s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals.
• Non-front vowels other than [ɨ ɨː], i.e. [u ɔ aː ...], assimilate in backness or velarisation to a following semivowel. Before a palatal semivowel, rounded vowels become unrounded.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ i ɛ ...] become central [ ɨ ɜ ...] before a velar semivowel. Semivowels are deleted.
• Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ i ɛ ...] persistently become central [ ɨ ɜ ...] before a velar semivowel. Semivowels are deleted.
• Consonants [m̥ t ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals.
• Vowels [i uː ɔ ...] become nasal [ĩ uː̃ ɔ̃ ...] before a nasal.
• Mid-low vowels [ɛ ɜ ɔ ...] become tense [e ɘ o ...] after a high semivowel.
• Non-pharyngeal consonants other than semivowels [m̥ t t͡ʃ ...] persistently become front [mʲ̥ tʲ t͡ɕ ...] before a palatal semivowel. Velar stops become non-front non-palatal or velar alveolar taps.
• Coronal consonants [n̥ t͡s s ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, [ɾʲ̥ ɾʲ] become [ɾ̻̥ ɾ̻].
• Voiceless nasals [m̥ n̻̥ n̥ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Coronal consonants other than apical taps [n̻̥ d̻ʲ t͡ɕ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-affricate stops become alveolar taps; non-nasal laminal consonants other than obstruent sibilants become apical; taps become alveolar.
• Non-glottal fricative consonants [m̥ pʲ d͡ʑ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent. After a voiced stop, fricatives become stops or nasals.
• Obstruents [p k d͡ʑ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent. After a voiced stop, obstruents other than stops become stops.
• Obstruents [p k d͡ʑ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced stop or nasal, obstruents other than stops become stops.

Some words

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