Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Alveolar | | Palatoalv. / palatal | | Velar |
| Nasal | | | | | m | | | | | n | | | | | ṉ | | | | | |
| Stop | | pʰ | p | pʼ | b | | tʰ | t | tʼ | d | | tʰ̱ | ṯ | tʼ̱ | ḏ | | kʰ | k | kʼ | g |
| Fricative | | | f | fʼ | v | | | s | sʼ | z | | | ʃ | ʃʼ | ʒ | | | | | |
| Resonant | | | | | | | | | | r | | | | | j | | | | | w |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | | | | u | |
| Mid-high | | e | ẽ | | | | | o | õ |
| Low | | | | | a | ã | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)(C3)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: a voiced consonant other than a stop or a fricative sibilant; i.e. one of /m n ṉ v r j w/
C3: a consonant other than /b d ḏ g z ʒ/
Allophony
- Non-nasal vowels [i u o ...] become nasal [ĩ ũ õ ...] before a nasal phone.
- Voiceless obstruents [pʰ tʰ̱ f ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a following obstruent. Before an ejective obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
- Non-back vowels [i e a ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a preceding consonant. After [j], lax vowels become non-low.
- Non-ejective unaspirated obstruents [p ṯ v ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
- Non-ejective voiceless stops [pʰ tʰ ṯ ...] assimilate in aspiration to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
- Labial obstruents or nasals [m p f ...] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
- Central vowels [ɨ ɘ a ...] become front [i e ɛ ...] after a palatal semivowel. Lax vowels become non-low.
- Central vowels [ɨ ɘ a ...] become front [i e ɛ ...] after a palatal semivowel. Lax vowels become non-low.
- Non-nasal vowels [i u o ...] become nasal [ĩ ũ õ ...] after a nasal vowel.
- Short voiced fricatives [β v z ʒ] persistently become resonants [β̞ ʋ r r] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel. [ʒ] become [r].
- Coronal consonants [n d sʼ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before an apical consonant, palatoalveolar obstruents or nasals become retroflex.
- Consonants other than [j w], i.e. [m tʰ f ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals are deleted. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective obstruents become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated.
- Front vowels [i e ɛ ...] become central [ɨ ɘ ɜ ...] before a velar semivowel.
- Non-back vowels [i e ɛ̃ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following one of [j w]. Before [j], low vowels become non-low.
- Front vowels [i e ɛ ...] become non-front [ɨ ɘ ɜ ...] after a retroflex obstruent or nasal.
- Consonants [m tʼ s̻ʼ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals are deleted. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective obstruents become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated.
- Aspirated stops [pʰ tʰ̻ ʈʰ ...] persistently become unaspirated [p t̻ ʈ ...].
- Voiceless obstruents [pʰ tʼ ɸʼ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a preceding obstruent. After an ejective obstruent, aspirated stops become unaspirated.
- Front vowels [i e ɛ ...] persistently become non-front [ɨ ɘ ɜ ...] before a retroflex obstruent or nasal.
- Non-retroflex coronal consonants other than [r̥ r], i.e. [n̻ t z̻ ...], persistently become retroflex [ɳ̻ ʈ ʐ̻ ...] after a retroflex obstruent or nasal. Trills become non-retroflex alveolar; trills become apical.
- Coronal consonants other than [r̥ r], i.e. [n̻ ʈ̻ s ...], assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following fricative sibilant. Before a postalveolar fricative sibilant, trills become non-retroflex alveolar; trills become apical. Before one of [ʃ ʃʼ ʒ], alveolar apical obstruents or nasals become retroflex.
- Nasals [m n̻ ɳ̻ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Consonants [m ʈʰ̻ z̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, ejective obstruents become non-ejective; aspirated stops become unaspirated. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals are deleted.
Some words
| /ʒejṯrafʼ/ | [ʒej̥ʈr̢̥afʼ] |
| /dekʼʒatʼ/ | [dɘkʃatʼ] |
| /vẽpʼ/ | [vɘ̃pʼ] |
| /ʃi/ | [ʃɨ] |
| /ṉaj/ | [ṉɛj̥] |
| /ar/ | [ar̥] |
| /dimjgẽ/ | [dɨ̃mjgɘ̃] |
| /weptʼa/ | [wɘpʼtʼa] |
| /jatʰdeṉt/ | [jɛttʰɘ̃t] |
| /gafṉanpʼ/ | [gavṉãpʼ] |
| /mẽfʼ/ | [mɘ̃fʼ] |
| /be/ | [bɘ] |
| /se/ | [sɘ] |
| /wẽ/ | [wɘ̃] |
| /diwnẽ/ | [dɨwnɘ̃] |
| /bejnʒip/ | [bejṉʒɨp] |
| /bime/ | [bɨ̃mɘ] |
| /nepkʰir/ | [nɘpkɨr̥] |
| /ẽ/ | [ẽ] |
| /tʰinvzanʃʼ/ | [tʰɨ̃ɱvzãʃʼ] |
| /vusʼzoṯ/ | [vussoṯ] |
| /ḏetmiw/ | [ḏɘdmɨw̥] |
| /zijkʼ/ | [zij̥kʼ] |
| /donṉes/ | [dõṉṉɘs] |
| /ṉẽwt/ | [ṉɘ̃w̥t] |
| /wezẽt/ | [wɘrɘ̃t] |
| /tazar/ | [tarar̥] |
| /ataf/ | [ataf] |
| /ʒif/ | [ʒɨf] |
| /gidaf/ | [gɨdaf] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 27582198654.