Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Back vowels [u o ɔ] persistently become central [ʉ ɵ ɞ] before a palatal nasal.
• Central vowels [ʉ ɵ ɞ a] become front [y ø œ ɛ] after a palatal nasal. [a] become [ɛ].
• Voiceless stops [p t k t͡ʃ] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʰ kʰ t͡ʃʰ] after a glottal fricative.
• Obstruents [pʰ kʰ ɗ̰ ...] assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than [l] and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless consonant or pause, implosives become non-implosive. Before an implosive, aspirated stops become unaspirated; obstruents other than stops become resonants; [ʃ] become [ɾ].
• Nasals [m n ɲ ŋ] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Persistently between a vowel and a vowel or resonant, non-glottalised voiced stops become short non-glottalised non-nasal voiced resonants; [d͡ʒ] become [ɾ].
• Coronal voiced nasals [n ṉ] become non-nasal approximant laterals [l l] before an alveolar approximant. [ṉ] become [l].
• [m ṉ pʰ p b d ɓ̰ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ h] persistently become front before a palatal nasal. [d] become [t]; [h] become [j].
• Non-pharyngeal palatalised obstruents or nasals [mʲ pʲ t͡ɕʰ ...] persistently become non-front [m p t͡ʃʰ ...] before a consonant.
• Stops other than non-bilabial aspirated stops [pʰ t ɓʲ̰ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. Before a glottalised stop, bilabial voiceless stops become non-glottalised; non-implosive voiced stops other than affricate sibilants become implosives; [d͡ʒ d͡ʑ] become [ɾ ɾ].
• Consonants [m t t͡ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant. Before a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; fricatives become resonants; [t͡ʃʼ t͡ɕʼ] become [ɾ ɾ]; [ɕ] become [ɾ]; [ʃ] become [ɾ]; [tʼ kʼ] become [ɗ̰ ]. Before a voiceless consonant, implosives become non-implosive.
• Back vowels [u o ɔ] become central [ʉ ɵ ɞ] before a semivowel.
• Mid-high vowels [e ø ɵ o] become high [i y ʉ u] after a semivowel.
• [m̥ m n̥ n̥̱ ṉ ŋ̥ ŋ pʰ p b d kʰ k kʼ g ɓ ɓ̰ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ t͡ʃʼ d͡ʒ ʃ h ɾ̥ l̥] become front after a front consonant except a semivowel. Apical consonants become non-front; [n̥ ɾ̥ l̥] become [n ɾ l]; [d] become [t]; [h] become [j].
• Obstruents [pʰ c ɗ̰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than a resonant. After a voiceless consonant other than a resonant, implosives become non-implosive. After a voiced stop, aspirated stops become unaspirated; [tʼ cʼ kʼ] become [ɗ̰ ]; obstruents other than stops become resonants; [ʃ ɕ] become [ɾ ɾ]; [t͡ʃʼ t͡ɕʼ] become [ɾ ɾ].
• Central vowels [ʉ ɵ ɞ a] become front [y ø œ ɛ] before a front consonant. [a] become [ɛ].
• Consonants [m̥ pʲ ɗ̰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, aspirated consonants become unaspirated; [tʼ cʼ kʼ] become [ɗ̰ ]; fricatives become resonants; [ʃ ɕ] become [ɾ ɾ]; [t͡ʃʼ t͡ɕʼ] become [ɾ ɾ]. After a voiceless obstruent or nasal, implosives become non-implosive.
• Back vowels [u o ɔ] become central [ʉ ɵ ɞ] after a palatal semivowel.
• Semivowels [j̥ j] become unrounded velar [ɰ̥̟ ɰ̟] before a rounded vowel.
• Alveolar taps [ɾ̥ ɾ] become approximants [ɹ̥ ɹ] before an alveolar approximant.
• Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [n̥̱ t͡ʃʰ t͡ɕʰ ...] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ̥ cʰ cʰ ...] before a palatal stop or nasal.
• Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [n̥̱ t͡ʃʰ t͡ɕʰ ...] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ̥ cʰ cʰ ...] before a palatal stop or nasal.
• Coronal obstruents or nasals [n̥ t d͡ʒ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before an obstruent sibilant other than [s], non-implosive apical obstruents other than [s] become affricate sibilants; [ɗ̰] become [ɗ]; [ɗ] become [ɾ].
• Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced consonants other than [l], i.e. [m ɟ ɰ̟ ...], become creaky-voiced [ɓ ...] before a creaky-voiced implosive. Consonants other than stops become non-glottalised; non-palatal or velar nasals become non-nasal; non-implosive stops other than palatoalveolar stops or nasals become implosives; palatoalveolar laminal stops or nasals become apical; palatoalveolar affricates become non-glottalised alveolar resonants; palatoalveolar stops or nasals other than stops become alveolar resonants; [d͡z̻ d͡z̻ʲ] become [ɗ̻ ɗ̻ʲ]; [nʲ̱ d͡ʑ] become [ɾ ɾ]; [ɾ ɹ] become [ɗ ɗ].

Some words

Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 26924661210.