Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Consonants [m̥ b β ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, [h] are deleted. After a voiceless consonant, [^ŋg] become [k].
• Mid-low vowels [ɛ ɛ̃ ɔː ...] become tense [e ẽ oː ...] before a high semivowel.
• Nasals [m̥ m n̻̥ n̻] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Velar stops or nasals [ŋ̥ ŋ k ...] persistently become uvular [ɴ̥ ɴ q ...] before an uvular trill.
• Mid-low vowels [ɛ ɛ̃ ɔː ...] become low [æ æ̃ ɒː ...] before a vowel or a non-bilabial resonant except a vowel or a non-bilabial non-palatoalveolar semivowel or an approximant lateral.
• Front vowels [i eː ɛ̃ ...] become non-front [ɨ ɘː ɜ̃ ...] before a consonant.
• Obstruents [^ŋg t̻ ɢ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless consonant other than a resonant or pause, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
• Alveolar stops [t̻ d̻] become non-affricate and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Front vowels [i eː ɛ̃ ...] become non-front [ɨ ɘː ɜ̃ ...] after a consonant.
• Front vowels [i eː ɛ̃ ...] become central [ɨ ɘː ɜ̃ ...] before a velar semivowel.
• Non-nasal vowels [i ɘ ɔ ...] become nasal [ĩ ɘ̃ ɔ̃ ...] before a nasal phone.
• Consonants [m̥ ^ɴɢ β ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than a resonant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, [h] are deleted. Before a voiceless consonant other than a resonant or pause, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
• Non-glottal fricative obstruents [^ŋg t̻ ɢ ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than a resonant. After a voiceless consonant other than a resonant, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
• Short voiced stops [^ŋg b g ...] become fricatives [ β ...] between a vowel or resonant and a vowel or resonant. Stops other than [b] are deleted.
• Velar stops or nasals [ŋ̥ ŋ k ...] become uvular [ɴ̥ ɴ q ...] after a back low vowel.
• Alveolar stops [t̻ d̻] become affricate sibilants [t͡s̻ d͡z̻] before a non-nasal alveolar fricative.
• Voiceless stops [p t̻ q ...] become aspirated [pʰ tʰ̻ qʰ ...] before a glottal fricative.
• Central vowels [ɨ ɘː ɜ̃ ...] become back [ɯ ɤː ʌ̃ ...] before an uvular consonant.

Some words

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