Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Alveolar | | Palatal | | Velar |
Nasal | | m̤ | m | | n̤ | n | | | | | | |
Stop | | pʰ | p | | tʰ | t | | cʰ | c | | kʰ | k |
Fricative | | | | | | s | | | | | | |
Resonant | | | | | | r | | | j | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
Near-high | | c̩ | | | | | | k̩ | |
High | | i | | | | | | u | |
Low | | | | | a | ã | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)(C2)V(C3)
C1: a consonant
C2: one of /c k r j/
V: a vowel
C3: a consonant
Allophony
- Nasals [m̤ m n̤ n] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
- Non-nasal vowels and obstruents other than [s], i.e. [pʰ t kʰ ...], assimilate in aspiration to a following vowel or obstruent or nasal and become non-nasal aspirated and aspirated stops word-finally.
- Unaspirated non-nasal vowels and non-glottal fricative obstruents other than [s], i.e. [p c c̩ ...], become aspirated [pʰ cʰ c̩ʰ ...] after an aspirated vowel or an aspirated stop or nasal.
- Persistently before a bilabial stop or nasal, non-low vowels and stops or nasals become rounded; palatal consonants other than [j] become non-bilabial velar rounded stops or nasals.
- Voiced vowels and semivowels [j i a ...] persistently become breathy-voiced [j̤ i̤ a̤ ...] before a breathy-voiced nasal.
- Consonants [m̤ ŋʷ̤ kʰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After an obstruent, aspirated consonants other than stops become unaspirated.
- Consonants other than semivowels [m̥ ŋʷ̤ ɟ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, breathy-voiced nasals become unaspirated.
- Consonants [m̥ ŋʷ k ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiceless obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants other than stops become unaspirated.
- Non-front non-low vowels [u ṳ] become central [ʉ ʉ̤] before a semivowel.
- Before a palatal or velar stop or nasal, bilabial stops or nasals become non-bilabial velar rounded stops or nasals; [b̤ b] are deleted; [m̥] are deleted.
- Central rounded vowels [ʉ ʉ̤] become front [y y̤] before a palatal consonant.
- Non-pharyngeal non-palatal or velar consonants [m̥ pʰ d̤ ...] persistently become front [mʲ̥ pʲʰ dʲ̤ ...] before a palatal consonant.
- Non-nasal vowels other than non-nasal vowels [i y̤ u ...] become nasal [ĩ ỹ̤ ũ ...] before a nasal phone.
Some words
/m̤a/ | [m̤a] |
/tʰikã/ | [tʰikã] |
/sirn̤a/ | [sirn̤a] |
/n̤ãta/ | [n̤ãta] |
/sispik/ | [sispikʰ] |
/sk̩u/ | [sk̩u] |
/nicprk̩/ | [nikʷpr̥k̩ʰ] |
/pʰum̤in/ | [pʰṳ̃m̤ĩn̥] |
/pupu/ | [pupu] |
/pi/ | [pi] |
/tʰukpat/ | [tʰukʷpatʰ] |
/pitukʰ/ | [pitukʰ] |
/pu/ | [pu] |
/tutʰatʰ/ | [tutʰatʰ] |
/kc̩jpʰu/ | [kc̩j̥pʰu] |
/mc̩kʰi/ | [mc̩ʰkʰi] |
/isn̤i/ | [isn̥i] |
/tim̤ur/ | [tĩ̤m̤ur̥] |
/upʰkʰc̩r/ | [ukʷkc̩r̥] |
/sukʰ/ | [sukʰ] |
/m̤c̩m̤i/ | [m̤c̩ʰʷm̤i] |
/sikʰku/ | [sikku] |
/tʰrunipʰ/ | [tʰr̥ũnipʰ] |
/sutit/ | [sutitʰ] |
/cʰatʰa/ | [cʰatʰa] |
/aa/ | [aa] |
/nrk̩tʰm̤u/ | [nrk̩ʰtʰm̥u] |
/tʰu/ | [tʰu] |
/tʰc̩tsic/ | [tc̩tsicʰ] |
/it/ | [itʰ] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 10359851020.