Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Alveolar | | Palatal | | Velar |
Nasal | | m̤ | m | | n̤ | n | | | | | | |
Stop | | pʰ | p | | tʰ | t | | cʰ | c | | kʰ | k |
Fricative | | | | | | s | | | | | | |
Resonant | | | | | | r | | | j | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
Near-high | | c̩ | | | | | | k̩ | |
High | | i | | | | | | u | |
Low | | | | | a | ã | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)(C2)V(C3)
C1: a consonant
C2: one of /c k r j/
V: a vowel
C3: a consonant
Allophony
- Nasals [m̤ m n̤ n] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
- Non-nasal vowels and obstruents other than [s], i.e. [pʰ t kʰ ...], assimilate in aspiration to a following vowel or obstruent or nasal and become non-nasal aspirated and aspirated stops word-finally.
- Unaspirated non-nasal vowels and non-glottal fricative obstruents other than [s], i.e. [p c c̩ ...], become aspirated [pʰ cʰ c̩ʰ ...] after an aspirated vowel or an aspirated stop or nasal.
- Persistently before a bilabial stop or nasal, high vowels and palatal or velar stops or nasals become rounded; palatal consonants other than [j] become non-bilabial velar rounded stops or nasals.
- Voiced vowels and semivowels [j i a ...] persistently become breathy-voiced [j̤ i̤ a̤ ...] before a breathy-voiced nasal.
- Consonants [m̤ ŋ̤ʷ kʰ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After an obstruent, aspirated consonants other than stops become unaspirated.
- Consonants other than semivowels [m̥ ŋ̤ʷ ɟ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, breathy-voiced nasals become unaspirated.
- Consonants [m̥ ŋʷ k ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiceless obstruent or nasal, aspirated consonants other than stops become unaspirated.
- Non-front high vowels [u ṳ] become central [ʉ ʉ̤] before a semivowel.
- Before a palatal or velar stop or nasal, bilabial stops or nasals become non-bilabial velar rounded stops or nasals; [b̤ b] are deleted; [m̥] are deleted.
- Central rounded vowels [ʉ ʉ̤] become front [y y̤] before a palatal consonant.
- Non-pharyngeal non-palatal or velar consonants [m̥ pʰ d̤ ...] persistently become front [mʲ̥ pʲʰ d̤ʲ ...] before a palatal consonant.
- Non-nasal vowels other than non-nasal vowels [i y̤ u ...] become nasal [ĩ ỹ̤ ũ ...] before a nasal phone.
Some words
/su/ | [su] |
/n̤itã/ | [n̤itã] |
/sãkʰn̤u/ | [sãkʰn̥u] |
/n̤c̩pʰu/ | [n̤c̩ʷʰpʰu] |
/kãkkim/ | [kãkkĩm̥] |
/kua/ | [kua] |
/tʰin̤krc̩/ | [tʰĩ̤ŋ̤g̤rc̩ʰ] |
/kʰakitʰ/ | [kʰakitʰ] |
/kaka/ | [kaka] |
/ti/ | [ti] |
/natkk̩pʰ/ | [natʰkʰk̩ʷʰpʰ] |
/tim̤ap/ | [tĩ̤m̤apʰ] |
/ka/ | [ka] |
/pʰanun/ | [pʰãnũn̥] |
/tutʰkʰa/ | [tutʰkʰa] |
/pʰupi/ | [pʰupi] |
/ikn̤i/ | [ikʰn̥i] |
/m̤isakʰ/ | [m̤isakʰ] |
/akʰpukʰ/ | [akʷpukʰ] |
/kap/ | [kapʰ] |
/susi/ | [susi] |
/kisca/ | [kisʲca] |
/nratʰin/ | [nratʰĩn̥] |
/kam̤ipʰ/ | [kã̤m̤ipʰ] |
/n̤un̤u/ | [n̤ṳ̃n̤u] |
/uu/ | [uu] |
/tʰrc̩rsa/ | [tʰr̥c̩r̥sa] |
/na/ | [na] |
/nutʰkin̤/ | [nutkĩ̤n̥] |
/itʰ/ | [itʰ] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 10359851020.