Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Laminal alveolar | | Laminal alveolar sibilant | | Velar | | Rounded velar | | Glottal |
Nasal | | | | m | m̰ | | | | n̻ | n̰̻ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Stop | | p | | | | | t̻ | | | | | t͡s̻ | | | | | k | | | | | kʷ | | | | | | ʔ | | ##̰ |
Fricative | | f | | | | | | | | | | s̻ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Approximant | | | | | | | | | l̻ | l̰̻ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | w | w̰ | | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
High | | i | ḭ | | | | | | | | | u | ṵ | | |
Mid-low | | ɛ | ɛ̰ | ɛ̃ | ɛ̰̃ | | | | | | | ɔ | ɔ̰ | ɔ̃ | ɔ̰̃ |
Low | | | | | | | a | a̰ | ã | ã̰ | | | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: an unrounded consonant (i.e. not /kʷ w w̰/) other than /t͡s̻/
Allophony
- Obstruents [p k t͡s̻ ...] become voiced [b g d͡z̻ ...] before a non-nasal voiced consonant except an approximant.
- Stops [p d̻ kʷ ...] persistently become glottalised [pʼ d̰̻ kʼʷ ...] after a non-nasal glottalised phone except a non-nasal creaky-voiced vowel or approximant.
- Nasals [m m̰ n̻ n̰̻] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
- Consonants [m b̰ ʔ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiceless consonant, approximants become obstruents or nasals; [l̰̻ w̰] become [ɬ̻ xʷ].
- [z̻] persistently become [l̻] after an alveolar approximant.
- Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced consonants other than fricatives [m d̻ u ...] persistently become creaky-voiced [m̰ d̰̻ ṵ ...] before a creaky-voiced consonant.
- Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced consonants [m g i ...] persistently become creaky-voiced [m̰ g̰ ḭ ...] before a creaky-voiced consonant.
- [z̰̻] persistently become [d͡z̰̻].
- Non-affricate alveolar stops or nasals [n̻̥ n̻ tʼ̻ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and an obstruent.
- Non-pharyngeal unrounded consonants [m̥ ŋ ʔ ...] become front [m̥ʲ ɲ ʔʲ ...] after a front high vowel. Alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; approximants become non-lateral non-coronal palatal.
- Non-pharyngeal unrounded consonants other than palatal consonants [m̥ ŋ̥ t͡s̻ ...] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant and become non-front word-finally. Before a front consonant, alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; approximants become non-lateral non-coronal palatal.
- Short non-glottalised non-glottal fricative voiceless obstruents or nasals [m̥ ŋʷ̥ t͡ɕ ...] become voiced [m ŋʷ d͡ʑ ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
- Consonants [m̥ ŋʷ̥ t͡ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiceless consonant, approximants become obstruents or nasals; [l̰̻ w̰] become [ɬ̻ xʷ].
- Obstruents [p gʷ ɬ̻ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. Before a glottalised consonant other than an approximant, fricative laterals become stops.
- [t̻ tʼ̻ d̻ d̰̻ t͡s̻ t͡sʼ̻ d͡z̻ d͡z̰̻ s̻ sʼ̻ z̻ z̰̻ ʃ ʃʼ ʒ ʒ̰ ɕ ɕʼ ʑ ʑ̰] assimilate in sibilancy to a following coronal fricative. Before a fricative lateral, palatoalveolar fricatives become sibilants; obstruents other than stops become stops. Before an obstruent sibilant other than a stop, non-affricate stops become affricates.
Some words
/wṵ/ | [wṵ] |
/l̻ãp/ | [l̻ãp] |
/t̻appḭf/ | [t̻appḭf] |
/kikpuk/ | [kicpuk] |
/l̻ikn̻ɛt̻/ | [l̻icn̻̥ɛt̻] |
/t͡s̻ãkm̰u/ | [t͡s̻ãkmʼ̥u] |
/m̰ãt̻as̻/ | [m̰ãd̻as̻] |
/t͡s̻il̻u/ | [t͡s̻iju] |
/n̻ḭkɔp/ | [n̻ḭɟɔp] |
/t͡s̻uppas̻/ | [t͡s̻uppas̻] |
/n̰̻it̻a/ | [n̰̻id͡ʑa] |
/s̻ãpl̻ɛ̰k/ | [s̻ãpɬ̻ɛ̰k] |
/t̻ãkmu/ | [t̻ãkm̥u] |
/l̻ɔ/ | [l̻ɔ] |
/l̻il̻a/ | [l̻ija] |
/t̻ipɛ̃/ | [t̻ibʲɛ̃] |
/l̻ḭkku/ | [l̻ḭcku] |
/kufu/ | [kuvu] |
/fut͡s̻ik/ | [fud͡z̻ic] |
/l̻ṵmãp/ | [l̻ṵmãp] |
/l̰̻ɛ̃fmɔ̃/ | [l̰̻ɛ̃fm̥ɔ̃] |
/fu/ | [fu] |
/t͡s̻ul̻ki/ | [t͡s̻ul̻gi] |
/s̻ul̻u/ | [s̻ul̻u] |
/pipik/ | [pibʲic] |
/t͡s̻ãt̻n̰̻ɛ̃k/ | [t͡s̻ãt̻nʼ̻̥ɛ̃k] |
/s̻it̻ɛ̃/ | [s̻id͡ʑɛ̃] |
/mufṵf/ | [muvṵf] |
/pit͡s̻at̻/ | [pid͡ʑat̻] |
/pu/ | [pu] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 17044697746.