Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Laminal alveolar | | Laminal alveolar sibilant | | Velar | | Rounded velar | | Glottal |
| Nasal | | | | m | m̰ | | | | n̻ | n̻̰ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Stop | | p | | | | | t̻ | | | | | t͡s̻ | | | | | k | | | | | kʷ | | | | | | ʔ | | ##̰ |
| Fricative | | f | | | | | | | | | | s̻ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Approximant | | | | | | | | | l̻ | l̻̰ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | w | w̰ | | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | ḭ | | | | | | | | | u | ṵ | | |
| Mid-low | | ɛ | ɛ̰ | ɛ̃ | ɛ̰̃ | | | | | | | ɔ | ɔ̰ | ɔ̃ | ɔ̰̃ |
| Low | | | | | | | a | a̰ | ã | ã̰ | | | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: an unrounded consonant (i.e. not /kʷ w w̰/) other than /t͡s̻/
Allophony
- Obstruents [p k t͡s̻ ...] become voiced [b g d͡z̻ ...] before a non-nasal voiced consonant except an approximant.
- Stops [p d̻ kʷ ...] persistently become glottalised [pʼ d̻̰ kʷʼ ...] after a non-nasal glottalised phone except a non-nasal creaky-voiced vowel or approximant.
- Nasals [m m̰ n̻ n̻̰] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
- Consonants [m b̰ ʔ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiceless consonant, approximants become obstruents or nasals; [l̻̰ w̰] become [ɬ̻ xʷ].
- [z̻] persistently become [l̻] after an alveolar approximant.
- Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced consonants other than fricatives [m d̻ u ...] persistently become creaky-voiced [m̰ d̻̰ ṵ ...] before a creaky-voiced consonant.
- Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced consonants [m g i ...] persistently become creaky-voiced [m̰ g̰ ḭ ...] before a creaky-voiced consonant.
- [z̻̰] persistently become [d͡z̻̰].
- Non-affricate alveolar stops or nasals [n̥̻ n̻ tʼ̻ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and an obstruent.
- Non-pharyngeal unrounded consonants [m̥ ŋ ʔ ...] become front [mʲ̥ ɲ ʔʲ ...] after a front high vowel. Alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; approximants become non-lateral non-coronal palatal.
- Non-pharyngeal unrounded consonants other than palatal consonants [m̥ ŋ̥ t͡s̻ ...] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant and become non-front word-finally. Before a front consonant, alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; approximants become non-lateral non-coronal palatal.
- Short non-glottalised non-glottal fricative voiceless obstruents or nasals [m̥ ŋʷ̥ t͡ɕ ...] become voiced [m ŋʷ d͡ʑ ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
- Consonants [m̥ ŋʷ̥ t͡ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiceless consonant, approximants become obstruents or nasals; [l̻̰ w̰] become [ɬ̻ xʷ].
- Obstruents [p gʷ ɬ̻ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. Before a glottalised consonant other than an approximant, fricative laterals become stops.
- [t̻ tʼ̻ d̻ d̻̰ t͡s̻ t͡sʼ̻ d͡z̻ d͡z̻̰ s̻ sʼ̻ z̻ z̻̰ ʃ ʃʼ ʒ ʒ̰ ɕ ɕʼ ʑ ʑ̰] assimilate in sibilancy to a following coronal fricative. Before a fricative lateral, palatoalveolar fricatives become sibilants; obstruents other than stops become stops. Before an obstruent sibilant other than a stop, non-sibilant coronal stops become affricates.
Some words
| /mi/ | [mi] |
| /wṵt̻/ | [wṵt̻] |
| /kʷat̻t͡s̻ik/ | [kʷat̻t͡s̻ic] |
| /n̻̰ã̰kt̻ãk/ | [n̻̰ã̰kt̻ãk] |
| /l̻ã̰kpɔ̃s̻/ | [l̻ã̰kpɔ̃s̻] |
| /fṵks̻ã/ | [fṵks̻ã] |
| /s̻ul̻̰ak/ | [s̻ṵl̻̰ak] |
| /fã̰wu/ | [fã̰wu] |
| /pil̻ut̻/ | [pijut̻] |
| /fãt̻t̻ɛ̰̃k/ | [fãt̻t̻ɛ̰̃k] |
| /n̻ḭs̻ɛ̰̃/ | [n̻ḭʑɛ̰̃] |
| /kut̻l̻ɛ̰k/ | [kut̻ɬ̻ɛ̰k] |
| /s̻ṵmʔã/ | [s̻ṵm̰##̰ã] |
| /l̻u/ | [l̻u] |
| /l̻ãl̻a/ | [l̻ãl̻a] |
| /l̻̰ḭt̻a/ | [l̻̰ḭd͡ʑa] |
| /mikmã/ | [micm̥ã] |
| /mãt͡s̻ã/ | [mãd͡z̻ã] |
| /kufḭ##̰/ | [kuvḭ##̰] |
| /l̻im̰up/ | [l̻ḭmʲ̰up] |
| /fat̻m̰ɛ̃/ | [fat̻m̥ʼɛ̃] |
| /ku/ | [ku] |
| /fãfn̻̰ã/ | [fãfn̥ʼ̻ã] |
| /kãl̻u/ | [kãl̻u] |
| /t͡s̻ḭt̻ãk/ | [t͡s̻ḭd͡ʑãk] |
| /fṵs̻n̻ak/ | [fṵs̻n̥̻ak] |
| /kḭkʷa/ | [kḭgʷa] |
| /##̰ãt͡s̻ik/ | [##̰ãd͡z̻ic] |
| /t̻ɔfal̻̰/ | [t̻ɔva̰l̻̰] |
| /t͡s̻ã/ | [t͡s̻ã] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 17044697746.