Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Laminal alveolar | | Laminal alveolar sibilant | | Velar | | Rounded velar | | Glottal |
Nasal | | | | m | m̰ | | | | n̻ | n̻̰ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Stop | | p | | | | | t̻ | | | | | t͡s̻ | | | | | k | | | | | kʷ | | | | | | ʔ | | ##̰ |
Fricative | | f | | | | | | | | | | s̻ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Approximant | | | | | | | | | l̻ | l̻̰ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | w | w̰ | | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
High | | i | ḭ | | | | | | | | | u | ṵ | | |
Mid-low | | ɛ | ɛ̰ | ɛ̃ | ɛ̰̃ | | | | | | | ɔ | ɔ̰ | ɔ̃ | ɔ̰̃ |
Low | | | | | | | a | a̰ | ã | ã̰ | | | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: an unrounded consonant (i.e. not /kʷ w w̰/) other than /t͡s̻/
Allophony
- Obstruents [p k t͡s̻ ...] become voiced [b g d͡z̻ ...] before a non-nasal voiced consonant except an approximant.
- Stops [p d̻ kʷ ...] persistently become glottalised [pʼ d̻̰ kʷʼ ...] after a non-nasal glottalised phone except a non-nasal creaky-voiced vowel or approximant.
- Nasals [m m̰ n̻ n̻̰] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent.
- Consonants [m b̰ ʔ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiceless consonant, approximants become obstruents or nasals; [l̻̰ w̰] become [ɬ̻ xʷ].
- [z̻] persistently become [l̻] after an alveolar approximant.
- Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced consonants other than fricatives [m d̻ u ...] persistently become creaky-voiced [m̰ d̻̰ ṵ ...] before a creaky-voiced consonant.
- Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced consonants [m g i ...] persistently become creaky-voiced [m̰ g̰ ḭ ...] before a creaky-voiced consonant.
- [z̻̰] persistently become [d͡z̻̰].
- Non-affricate alveolar stops or nasals [n̻̥ n̻ t̻ʼ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and an obstruent.
- Non-pharyngeal unrounded consonants [m̥ ŋ ʔ ...] become front [mʲ̥ ɲ ʔʲ ...] after a front high vowel. Alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; approximants become non-lateral non-coronal palatal.
- Non-pharyngeal unrounded consonants other than palatal consonants [m̥ ŋ̥ t͡s̻ ...] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant and become non-front word-finally. Before a front consonant, alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal; non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants; approximants become non-lateral non-coronal palatal.
- Short non-glottalised non-glottal fricative voiceless obstruents or nasals [m̥ ŋʷ̥ t͡ɕ ...] become voiced [m ŋʷ d͡ʑ ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
- Consonants [m̥ ŋʷ̥ t͡ʃ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiceless consonant, approximants become obstruents or nasals; [l̻̰ w̰] become [ɬ̻ xʷ].
- Obstruents [p gʷ ɬ̻ ...] assimilate in glottalisation to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. Before a glottalised consonant other than an approximant, fricative laterals become stops.
- [t̻ t̻ʼ d̻ d̻̰ t͡s̻ t͡s̻ʼ d͡z̻ d͡z̻̰ s̻ s̻ʼ z̻ z̻̰ ʃ ʃʼ ʒ ʒ̰ ɕ ɕʼ ʑ ʑ̰] assimilate in sibilancy to a following coronal fricative. Before a fricative lateral, palatoalveolar fricatives become sibilants; obstruents other than stops become stops. Before an obstruent sibilant other than a stop, non-sibilant coronal stops become affricates.
Some words
/l̻a/ | [l̻a] |
/l̻ɔ̃t̻/ | [l̻ɔ̃t̻] |
/fat̻l̻̰ãp/ | [fat̻ɬ̻ãp] |
/t͡s̻ul̻mik/ | [t͡s̻ul̻mic] |
/n̻ukt̻ãf/ | [n̻ukt̻ãf] |
/kã̰k##̰i/ | [kã̰g̰##̰i] |
/##̰ã̰fas̻/ | [##̰ã̰vas̻] |
/kul̻i/ | [kul̻i] |
/t̻ãkit̻/ | [t̻ãgit͡ʃ] |
/kit̻mas̻/ | [kit͡ʃm̥as̻] |
/s̻ufa/ | [s̻uva] |
/pã̰t̻n̻ɛ̃k/ | [pã̰t̻n̻̥ɛ̃k] |
/fã̰kt͡s̻i/ | [fã̰kt͡s̻i] |
/n̻i/ | [n̻i] |
/n̻ɔn̻ḭ/ | [n̻ɔn̻ḭ] |
/fumu/ | [fumu] |
/l̻ãl̻l̻i/ | [l̻ãl̻l̻i] |
/l̻in̻̰i/ | [l̻ḭnʲ̰̱i] |
/pikuk/ | [piɟuk] |
/n̻at͡s̻ã̰t̻/ | [n̻ad͡z̻ã̰t̻] |
/kḭt̻t͡s̻ɛ̃/ | [kḭt͡s̻t͡s̻ɛ̃] |
/pi/ | [pi] |
/n̻ikt͡s̻a̰/ | [n̻ict͡s̻a̰] |
/pil̻i/ | [piji] |
/l̻̰uma̰l̻/ | [l̻̰uma̰l̻] |
/kɔ̰fs̻ḭk/ | [kɔ̰fs̻ḭc] |
/pufḭ/ | [puvḭ] |
/t͡s̻in̻̰ãp/ | [t͡s̻ḭnʲ̰̱ãp] |
/mun̻af/ | [mun̻af] |
/n̻̰i/ | [n̻̰i] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 17044697746.