Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Laminal
labial-alveolar | | Bilabial-alveolar | | Labial | | Laminal
alveolar | | Alveolar | | Velar |
|---|
| Nasal | | n͡m̻ | | n͡m | | m | | n̻ | | | | |
|---|
| Stop | | t͡p̻ | | | | p | | t̻ | | | | k |
|---|
| Fricative | | s͡f̻ | | | | f | | s̻ | | | | x |
|---|
| Tap | | | | | | | | | | ɾ | | |
|---|
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
|---|
| High | | i | | | | u |
|---|
| Mid-high | | e | | | | o |
|---|
| Low | | | | a | | |
|---|
Syllable structure
(C)V
C: a consonant
V: a vowel
Allophony
- Non-velar obstruents or nasals [n͡m̻ n̻ t̻ ...] become velarised [n͡mˠ̻ nˠ̻ tˠ̻ ...] before a velar obstruent.
- Alveolar consonants other than [ɾ], i.e. [n͡m̻ n̻ tˠ̻ ...], assimilate in laminality to a following alveolar consonant.
- [ɾ] persistently become [ɾ̥] after a non-nasal phone except a non-nasal vowel or resonant.
- Non-nasal consonants [t͡p̻ t fˠ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally.
- Short non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative voiceless consonants [t͡p̻ tˠ̻ f ...] become voiced [d͡b̻ dˠ̻ v ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
- Velar obstruents [k g x ɣ] become rounded [kʷ gʷ xʷ ɣʷ] before a non-low rounded vowel.
- Consonants [n͡m̻ pˠ s͡fˠ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Consonants [n͡m̥̻ d͡bˠ̻ s͡fˠ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
- Non-sibilant coronal alveolar nasals [n͡m̥̻ n͡m n̥ˠ̻ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Labial obstruents or nasals [n͡m̥̻ m̥ p ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
Some words
| /femixe/ | [femiɣe] |
| /es̻o/ | [ez̻o] |
| /kot̻u/ | [kʷod̻u] |
| /n̻et̻u/ | [n̻ed̻u] |
| /n͡m̻eoka/ | [n͡m̻eoga] |
| /ima/ | [ima] |
| /s̻in̻as̻a/ | [s̻in̻az̻a] |
| /kexemo/ | [keɣemo] |
| /t͡p̻epe/ | [t͡p̻ebe] |
| /keoi/ | [keoi] |
| /t̻ipoka/ | [t̻iboga] |
| /paa/ | [paa] |
| /s̻eki/ | [s̻egi] |
| /kaa/ | [kaa] |
| /n̻aai/ | [n̻aai] |
| /xin̻a/ | [xin̻a] |
| /kaaxo/ | [kaaɣʷo] |
| /men̻in̻a/ | [men̻in̻a] |
| /t̻ama/ | [t̻ama] |
| /kaxiu/ | [kaɣiu] |
| /ɾupafe/ | [ɾubave] |
| /n̻en̻ope/ | [n̻en̻obe] |
| /kikoki/ | [kigʷogi] |
| /n̻opu/ | [n̻obu] |
| /emifi/ | [emivi] |
| /man̻ixiki/ | [man̻iɣigi] |
| /xan̻e/ | [xan̻e] |
| /axe/ | [aɣe] |
| /n̻eimo/ | [n̻eimo] |
| /n̻iɾa/ | [n̻iɾa] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 2736615686.