Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Laminal
labial-alveolar | | Bilabial-alveolar | | Labial | | Laminal
alveolar | | Alveolar | | Velar |
|---|
| Nasal | | n͡m̻ | | n͡m | | m | | n̻ | | | | |
|---|
| Stop | | t͡p̻ | | | | p | | t̻ | | | | k |
|---|
| Fricative | | s͡f̻ | | | | f | | s̻ | | | | x |
|---|
| Tap | | | | | | | | | | ɾ | | |
|---|
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
|---|
| High | | i | | | | u |
|---|
| Mid-high | | e | | | | o |
|---|
| Low | | | | a | | |
|---|
Syllable structure
(C)V
C: a consonant
V: a vowel
Allophony
- Non-velar obstruents or nasals [n͡m̻ n̻ t̻ ...] become velarised [n͡m̻ˠ n̻ˠ t̻ˠ ...] before a velar obstruent.
- Alveolar consonants other than [ɾ], i.e. [n͡m̻ n̻ t̻ˠ ...], assimilate in laminality to a following alveolar consonant.
- [ɾ] persistently become [ɾ̥] after a non-nasal phone except a non-nasal vowel or resonant.
- Non-nasal consonants [t͡p̻ t fˠ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally.
- Short non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative voiceless consonants [t͡p̻ t̻ˠ f ...] become voiced [d͡b̻ d̻ˠ v ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
- Velar obstruents [k g x ɣ] become rounded [kʷ gʷ xʷ ɣʷ] before a non-low rounded vowel.
- Consonants [n͡m̻ pˠ s͡fˠ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Consonants [n͡m̻̥ d͡b̻ˠ s͡f̻ˠ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
- Non-sibilant coronal alveolar nasals [n͡m̻̥ n͡m n̻ˠ̥ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Labial obstruents or nasals [n͡m̻̥ m̥ p ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
Some words
| /ɾaxixu/ | [ɾaɣiɣʷu] |
| /aka/ | [aga] |
| /n͡m̻ama/ | [n͡m̻ama] |
| /n̻ama/ | [n̻ama] |
| /ɾuas̻e/ | [ɾuaz̻e] |
| /ipe/ | [ibe] |
| /kifeke/ | [kivege] |
| /t͡p̻axupa/ | [t͡p̻aɣʷuba] |
| /t̻aka/ | [t̻aga] |
| /maai/ | [maai] |
| /mikas̻o/ | [migaz̻o] |
| /keo/ | [keo] |
| /kas͡f̻i/ | [kaz͡v̻i] |
| /s̻ee/ | [s̻ee] |
| /foei/ | [foei] |
| /xin̻e/ | [xin̻e] |
| /n͡m̻oexa/ | [n͡m̻oeɣa] |
| /pan̻ife/ | [pan̻ive] |
| /met̻u/ | [med̻u] |
| /s̻exia/ | [s̻eɣia] |
| /fakeɾa/ | [fageɾa] |
| /n̻an̻aka/ | [n̻an̻aga] |
| /s̻in͡m̻an͡m̻i/ | [s̻in͡m̻an͡m̻i] |
| /faka/ | [faga] |
| /apiɾi/ | [abiɾi] |
| /pen̻ixis̻i/ | [pen̻iɣiz̻i] |
| /xen̻a/ | [xen̻a] |
| /exa/ | [eɣa] |
| /n̻aipa/ | [n̻aiba] |
| /fit̻o/ | [fid̻o] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 2736615686.