Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Laminal
labial-alveolar | | Bilabial-alveolar | | Labial | | Laminal
alveolar | | Alveolar | | Velar |
|---|
| Nasal | | n͡m̻ | | n͡m | | m | | n̻ | | | | |
|---|
| Stop | | t͡p̻ | | | | p | | t̻ | | | | k |
|---|
| Fricative | | s͡f̻ | | | | f | | s̻ | | | | x |
|---|
| Tap | | | | | | | | | | ɾ | | |
|---|
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
|---|
| High | | i | | | | u |
|---|
| Mid-high | | e | | | | o |
|---|
| Low | | | | a | | |
|---|
Syllable structure
(C)V
C: a consonant
V: a vowel
Allophony
- Non-velar obstruents or nasals [n͡m̻ n̻ t̻ ...] become velarised [n͡mˠ̻ nˠ̻ tˠ̻ ...] before a velar obstruent.
- Alveolar consonants other than [ɾ], i.e. [n͡m̻ n̻ tˠ̻ ...], assimilate in laminality to a following alveolar consonant.
- [ɾ] persistently become [ɾ̥] after a non-nasal phone except a non-nasal vowel or resonant.
- Non-nasal consonants [t͡p̻ t fˠ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally.
- Short non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative voiceless consonants [t͡p̻ tˠ̻ f ...] become voiced [d͡b̻ dˠ̻ v ...] between a voiced phone and a voiced phone.
- Velar obstruents [k g x ɣ] become rounded [kʷ gʷ xʷ ɣʷ] before a non-low rounded vowel.
- Consonants [n͡m̻ pˠ s͡fˠ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Consonants [n͡m̻̥ d͡bˠ̻ s͡fˠ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
- Non-sibilant coronal alveolar nasals [n͡m̻̥ n͡m nˠ̻̥ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Labial obstruents or nasals [n͡m̻̥ m̥ p ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
Some words
| /t̻is̻en͡m̻i/ | [t̻iz̻en͡m̻i] |
| /ime/ | [ime] |
| /ɾexe/ | [ɾeɣe] |
| /pexe/ | [peɣe] |
| /t̻ien̻a/ | [t̻ien̻a] |
| /us̻a/ | [uz̻a] |
| /mopama/ | [mobama] |
| /ɾin͡m̻ike/ | [ɾin͡m̻ige] |
| /kimi/ | [kimi] |
| /n͡miee/ | [n͡miee] |
| /s͡f̻omen̻a/ | [s͡f̻omen̻a] |
| /maa/ | [maa] |
| /miɾo/ | [miɾo] |
| /n̻aa/ | [n̻aa] |
| /paae/ | [paae] |
| /t͡p̻ufa/ | [t͡p̻uva] |
| /ɾaan͡m̻e/ | [ɾaan͡m̻e] |
| /s̻ifupa/ | [s̻ivuba] |
| /xaka/ | [xaga] |
| /n̻at͡p̻oe/ | [n̻ad͡b̻oe] |
| /pemat̻i/ | [pemad̻i] |
| /fipeme/ | [fibeme] |
| /n̻uɾeɾo/ | [n̻uɾeɾo] |
| /peme/ | [peme] |
| /es̻et̻o/ | [ez̻ed̻o] |
| /kafen̻en̻e/ | [kaven̻en̻e] |
| /n͡m̻afi/ | [n͡m̻avi] |
| /an̻i/ | [an̻i] |
| /piuke/ | [piuge] |
| /peka/ | [pega] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 2736615686.