Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Alveolar | | Palatal | | Velar |
Nasal | | | m | | | n | | | | | | |
Stop | | p | b | | t | d | | cʼ | ɟ | | k | g |
Fricative | | f | | | s | | | | | | | |
Approximant | | | | | | l | | | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
High | | i | | | ɨ | | | u | |
Mid-low | | ɛ | | | | | | ɔ | |
Low | | | | | a | a˞ | | ɑ | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: a consonant
Allophony
- Stops other than [cʼ], i.e. [p t ɟ ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally.
- Non-glottal fricative stops other than [cʼ], i.e. [p t ɟ ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
- Voiceless stops [p t cʼ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a following obstruent.
- Velar stops [k kʼ g] become uvular [q qʼ ɢ] after a non-front non-high vowel.
- Before [s], [t tʼ d] become [t͡s t͡sʼ d͡z]. Before one of [t tʼ d], [s] become [t].
- Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [t tʼ d] become affricate sibilants [t͡s t͡sʼ d͡z] before a non-nasal alveolar fricative.
- Non-pharyngeal consonants other than uvular consonants [m tʼ g ...] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a palatal stop, alveolar consonants other than [l] become alveopalatal laminal; [t tʼ d] become [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʼ d͡ʑ]; [l] become [ɟ].
- Before an alveolar approximant lateral, obstruent sibilants become non-sibilant coronal coronal obstruent laterals; non-sibilant coronal stops become coronal affricate laterals.
- Non-ejective consonants other than fricatives [m d t͡ɬ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than [l] and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, [m mʲ n] become [ ɟ ]; [nʲ̱] become [ɟ].
- Back vowels [u ɔ ɑ] become central [ɨ ɜ a] after a front obstruent or nasal. Vowels other than [ɑ] become unrounded.
- Labial obstruents or nasals [m pʼ pʼʲ ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
- Non-ejective consonants other than fricatives [m b̪ q ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless consonant other than [l̥], nasals other than [nʲ̱] become non-labial dorsal voiced stops; [nʲ̱] become [ɟ].
- Non-ejective consonants other than fricatives [m b̪ q ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless consonant other than [l̥], nasals other than [nʲ̱] become non-labial dorsal voiced stops; [nʲ̱] become [ɟ].
Some words
/kislɔ/ | [kiɬl̥ɔ] |
/ɑlsu/ | [ɑl̥su] |
/bɑlgɛb/ | [bɑlgɛp] |
/afgɨl/ | [avgɨl̥] |
/pilɑ/ | [pilɑ] |
/sɛlmɔ/ | [sɛlmɔ] |
/ɟɨlgas/ | [ɟɨlgas] |
/nittɛ/ | [nittɛ] |
/galda˞/ | [galda˞] |
/ta/ | [ta] |
/lulnɨ/ | [lulnɨ] |
/lafsɛk/ | [lafsɛk] |
/fɔndɨk/ | [fɔndɨk] |
/cʼɛni/ | [cʼɛni] |
/gɨlta/ | [gɨl̥ta] |
/fɑlit/ | [fɑlit] |
/ladnɔd/ | [ladnɔt] |
/gut/ | [gut] |
/supla/ | [supl̥a] |
/ɟiklu/ | [ɟikl̥u] |
/kɨp/ | [kɨp] |
/tɨsnɔp/ | [tɨznɔp] |
/dɨfɑ/ | [dɨfɑ] |
/nɛlil/ | [nɛlil̥] |
/safaf/ | [safaf] |
/lɨdɛ/ | [lɨdɛ] |
/tɨli/ | [tɨli] |
/salni/ | [salni] |
/tifcʼas/ | [tifʲcʼas] |
/dulɛ/ | [dulɛ] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 4960493076.