Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: a consonant

Allophony

• Stops other than [cʼ], i.e. [p t ɟ ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally.
• Non-glottal fricative stops other than [cʼ], i.e. [p t ɟ ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Voiceless stops [p t cʼ ...] persistently assimilate in glottalisation to a following obstruent.
• Velar stops [k kʼ g] become uvular [q qʼ ɢ] after a non-front non-high vowel.
• Before [s], [t tʼ d] become [t͡s t͡sʼ d͡z]. Before one of [t tʼ d], [s] become [t].
• Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [t tʼ d] become affricate sibilants [t͡s t͡sʼ d͡z] before a non-nasal alveolar fricative.
• Non-pharyngeal consonants other than uvular consonants [m tʼ g ...] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a palatal stop, alveolar consonants other than [l] become alveopalatal laminal; [t tʼ d] become [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʼ d͡ʑ]; [l] become [ɟ].
• Before an alveolar approximant lateral, obstruent sibilants become non-sibilant coronal coronal obstruent laterals; non-sibilant coronal stops become coronal affricate laterals.
• Non-ejective consonants other than fricatives [m d t͡ɬ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than [l] and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, [m mʲ n] become [ ɟ ]; [nʲ̱] become [ɟ].
• Back vowels [u ɔ ɑ] become central [ɨ ɜ a] after a front obstruent or nasal. Vowels other than [ɑ] become unrounded.
• Labial obstruents or nasals [m pʼ pʲʼ ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
• Non-ejective consonants other than fricatives [m b̪ q ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless consonant other than [l̥], nasals other than [nʲ̱] become non-labial dorsal voiced stops; [nʲ̱] become [ɟ].
• Non-ejective consonants other than fricatives [m b̪ q ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless consonant other than [l̥], nasals other than [nʲ̱] become non-labial dorsal voiced stops; [nʲ̱] become [ɟ].

Some words

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