Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C₁)V(C₂)

C₁: a consonant
V: a vowel
C₂: one of /ɲ͡m ŋ͡m m n ŋ ^ɲ͡mc͡pʰ ^ɲ͡mɟ͡b ^ŋ͡mk͡pʰ ^ŋ͡mg͡b ^mpʰ ^mb ⁿtʰ ⁿd ^ŋkʰ ^ŋg c͡pʰ c͡p k͡pʰ k͡p pʰ p tʰ t kʰ k ʔ ⁿz s h l j/

Allophony

• [ɲ͡m ŋ͡m m n ɲ ŋ ^ɲ͡mc͡p ^ɲ͡mɟ͡b ^ŋ͡mk͡p ^ŋ͡mg͡b ^mp ^mb ⁿt ⁿd ^ŋk ^ŋg c͡p ɟ͡b k͡p g͡b p b t d k g ʔ ⁿt͡ʃ ⁿd͡ʒ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ⁿs ⁿz ⁿʃ ⁿʒ s z ʃ ʒ h l j] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, [ʔ h] are deleted. After a voiceless consonant, nasals become non-nasal.
• [ɲ͡m ŋ͡m m n ɲ ŋ ^ɲ͡mc͡p ^ɲ͡mɟ͡b ^ŋ͡mk͡p ^ŋ͡mg͡b ^mp ^mb ⁿt ⁿd ^ŋk ^ŋg c͡p ɟ͡b k͡p g͡b p b t d c k g ʔ ⁿt͡ʃ ⁿd͡ʒ t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ⁿs ⁿz ⁿʃ ⁿʒ s z ʃ ʒ h l̥ l j̥ j] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, [h] are deleted; [ʔ] are deleted. Before a voiceless consonant other than an approximant or pause, nasals become non-nasal.
• Coronal obstruents or nasals [n ⁿt͡ʃʰ ⁿz ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, non-sibilant coronal stops or nasals other than [n] become affricate sibilants.
• Coronal consonants [n ⁿt͡ʃ̺ʰ ⁿz ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Non-affricate alveolar stops [ⁿtʰ̻ ⁿt d̻ ...] become affricate sibilants [ⁿt͡sʰ̻ ⁿt͡s d͡z̻ ...] before a high tense vowel or semivowel.
• Unaspirated stops other than bilabial voiceless stops [^ɲ͡mɟ͡b t̻ ⁿt͡ʃ ...] become glottalised [^ɲ͡mɟ͡b̰ tʼ̻ ⁿt͡ʃʼ ...] after a non-nasal glottalised phone except a vowel.
• [h] become [x] before an obstruent or nasal.
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded velar obstruents or nasals [ŋ͡m ^ŋk g͡b̰ ...] become palatal [ɲ͡m ^ɲc ɟ͡b̰ ...] after a front high vowel or a high palatal semivowel.
• Aspirated stops [^ɲ͡mc͡pʰ c͡pʰ ⁿt͡sʰ̻ ...] become unaspirated [^ɲ͡mc͡p c͡p ⁿt͡s̻ ...].
• Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced semivowels [j i u ɑ] persistently become creaky-voiced [j̰ ḭ ṵ ɑ̰] after a creaky-voiced stop.
• Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced semivowels [j i u ɑ] become creaky-voiced [j̰ ḭ ṵ ɑ̰] before a creaky-voiced consonant.
• Non-ejective voiced vowels and non-glottal stop voiced consonants other than fricatives [ɲ͡m ⁿd̻ ⁿd͡z ...] become creaky-voiced [ɲ͡m̰ ⁿd̰̻ ⁿd͡z̰ ...] before a creaky-voiced consonant.
• Non-sibilant coronal coronal stops or nasals [n̻ ⁿt̻ tʰ̻ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and a stop or nasal.
• Velar obstruents or nasals [ŋ͡m ^ŋ͡mg͡b̰ g͡b ...] become non-velar [ŋ͡m̟ ^ŋ͡mg͡b̰̟ g͡b̟ ...] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal.
• Stops other than [^ɲcʼ ^ŋk̟ʼ cʼ k̟ʼ], i.e. [^ɲ͡mc͡pʰ c͡pʰ ⁿt͡sʰ̻ ...], assimilate in aspiration to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After an aspirated consonant, voiced stops become voiceless; creaky-voiced stops become unaspirated; [^ɲ͡mɟ͡b̰ ^ŋ͡mg͡b̰̟ ^ŋ͡mg͡b̰ ^mb̰ ⁿtʼ̻ ⁿtʼ ^ŋkʼ ɟ͡b̰ g͡b̰̟ g͡b̰ b̰ tʼ̻ tʼ kʼ ⁿt͡sʼ̻ ⁿt͡sʼ ⁿt͡ʃʼ ⁿt͡ʃ̺ʼ t͡sʼ̻ t͡sʼ t͡ʃʼ t͡ʃ̺ʼ] become [^ɲ͡mc͡p ^ŋ͡mk͡p̟ ^ŋ͡mk͡p ^mp ⁿtʰ̻ ⁿtʰ ^ŋkʰ c͡p k͡p̟ k͡p p tʰ̻ tʰ kʰ ⁿt͡sʰ̻ ⁿt͡sʰ ⁿt͡ʃʰ ⁿt͡ʃ̺ʰ t͡sʰ̻ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ t͡ʃ̺ʰ].
• Lax vowels [ɑ ɑ̰] become non-low front [ɛ ɛ̰] before a semivowel.
• Prenasalised obstruents [^ɲ͡mc͡pʰ ⁿtʼ ⁿt͡sʰ ...] become non-prenasalised [c͡pʰ tʼ t͡sʰ ...] after an obstruent.
• Prenasalised obstruents [^ɲ͡mc͡pʰ ⁿtʼ ⁿt͡sʰ ...] become nasal [c͡pʰ tʼ t͡sʰ ...] before an obstruent or nasal. Voiceless stops become non-nasal; voiced affricates become non-sibilant coronal nasals; obstruents other than stops become approximants; palatoalveolar obstruents other than stops become alveolar; [ⁿʃ ⁿʒ] become [ɹ̥̃ ɹ̃].
• Unaspirated obstruents [^ɲ͡mc͡p k͡p ⁿt͡ʃ̺ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following non-nasal consonant other than an approximant and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless consonant other than an approximant or pause, bilabial creaky-voiced stops become non-glottalised.
• Nasals [ɲ͡m m̰ ṉ̺ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Unaspirated non-nasal consonants other than creaky-voiced approximants [^ɲ͡mc͡p p d͡z̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, [ʔ] are deleted. After a voiceless consonant other than an approximant, bilabial creaky-voiced stops become non-glottalised.

Some words

Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 6210250895.